International Humanitarian Law - Fourth 1949 Geneva = Convention

International Humanitarian Law - = Treaties=20 & Documents

<Backicrc.org>Treaties Home = >Introduction<= /A>=20 > Full text

Treaties &=20 Documents by topic Treaties = &=20 Documents by date Treaties = &=20 Documents by Country 1949=20 Conventions & Additional Protocols, & their=20 Commentaries		Print this=20 page Convention (IV) relative to the = Protection of=20 Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August = 1949. Full = text=20 [Display=20 Introduction] [Display=20 articles] [Display=20 commentaries] Preamble=20 The undersigned Plenipotentiaries of = the=20 Governments represented at the Diplomatic Conference held = at=20 Geneva from April 21 to August 12, 1949, for the purpose = of=20 establishing a Convention for the Protection of Civilian = Persons=20 in Time of War, have agreed as = follows: Part I. General = Provisions Article 1. The High Contracting Parties = undertake to=20 respect and to ensure respect for the present Convention = in all=20 circumstances. Art. 2. In = addition=20 to the provisions which shall be implemented in = peace-time, the=20 present Convention shall apply to all cases of declared = war or of=20 any other armed conflict which may arise between two or = more of=20 the High Contracting Parties, even if the state of war is = not=20 recognized by one of them. The=20 Convention shall also apply to all cases of partial or = total=20 occupation of the territory of a High Contracting Party, = even if=20 the said occupation meets with no armed=20 resistance. Although one = of the=20 Powers in conflict may not be a party to the present = Convention,=20 the Powers who are parties thereto shall remain bound by = it in=20 their mutual relations. They shall furthermore be bound by = the=20 Convention in relation to the said Power, if the latter = accepts=20 and applies the provisions thereof. Art. 3. In the case of armed conflict not of = an=20 international character occurring in the territory of one = of the=20 High Contracting Parties, each Party to the conflict shall = be=20 bound to apply, as a minimum, the = following provisions: (1) Persons=20 taking no active part in the hostilities, including = members of=20 armed forces who have laid down their arms and those = placed hors=20 de combat by sickness, wounds, detention, or any other = cause,=20 shall in all circumstances be treated humanely, without = any=20 adverse distinction founded on race, colour, religion or = faith,=20 sex, birth or wealth, or any other similar=20 criteria. To this end the = following=20 acts are and shall remain prohibited at any time and in = any place=20 whatsoever with respect to the above-mentioned=20 persons: (a) violence to life = and=20 person, in particular murder of all kinds, mutilation, = cruel=20 treatment and torture; (b) = taking of=20 hostages; (c) outrages upon = personal=20 dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading=20 treatment; (d) the passing of = sentences=20 and the carrying out of executions without previous = judgment=20 pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all = the=20 judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable = by=20 civilized peoples. (2) = The wounded=20 and sick shall be collected and cared for.=20 An impartial = humanitarian body,=20 such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, may = offer=20 its services to the Parties to the = conflict. The Parties to the conflict should further = endeavour to=20 bring into force, by means of special agreements, all or = part of=20 the other provisions of the present=20 Convention. The = application of the=20 preceding provisions shall not affect the legal status of = the=20 Parties to the conflict. Art. 4.=20 Persons protected by the Convention are those who, at a = given=20 moment and in any manner whatsoever, find themselves, in = case of a=20 conflict or occupation, in the hands of a Party to the = conflict or=20 Occupying Power of which they are not=20 nationals. Nationals of a = State=20 which is not bound by the Convention are not protected by = it.=20 Nationals of a neutral State who find themselves in the = territory=20 of a belligerent State, and nationals of a co-belligerent = State,=20 shall not be regarded as protected persons while the State = of=20 which they are nationals has normal diplomatic = representation in=20 the State in whose hands they are. The provisions of Part II are, however, wider = in=20 application, as defined in Article 13. Persons protected by the Geneva Convention = for the=20 Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in = Armed=20 Forces in the Field of 12 August 1949, or by the Geneva = Convention=20 for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and = Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea of 12 August = 1949, or=20 by the Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of = Prisoners of=20 War of 12 August 1949, shall not be considered as = protected=20 persons within the meaning of the present=20 Convention. Art. 5 Where = in the=20 territory of a Party to the conflict, the latter is = satisfied that=20 an individual protected person is definitely suspected of = or=20 engaged in activities hostile to the security of the = State, such=20 individual person shall not be entitled to claim such = rights and=20 privileges under the present Convention as would, if = exercised in=20 the favour of such individual person, be prejudicial to = the=20 security of such State. Where in=20 occupied territory an individual protected person is = detained as a=20 spy or saboteur, or as a person under definite suspicion = of=20 activity hostile to the security of the Occupying Power, = such=20 person shall, in those cases where absolute military = security so=20 requires, be regarded as having forfeited rights of = communication=20 under the present Convention. In=20 each case, such persons shall nevertheless be treated with = humanity and, in case of trial, shall not be deprived of = the=20 rights of fair and regular trial prescribed by the present = Convention. They shall also be granted the full rights and = privileges of a protected person under the present = Convention at=20 the earliest date consistent with the security of the = State or=20 Occupying Power, as the case may be. Art. 6. The present Convention shall apply = from the=20 outset of any conflict or occupation mentioned in Article=20 2. In the territory of = Parties to=20 the conflict, the application of the present Convention = shall=20 cease on the general close of military=20 operations. In the case = of occupied=20 territory, the application of the present Convention shall = cease=20 one year after the general close of military operations; = however,=20 the Occupying Power shall be bound, for the duration of = the=20 occupation, to the extent that such Power exercises the = functions=20 of government in such territory, by the provisions of the=20 following Articles of the present Convention: 1 to 12, 27, = 29 to=20 34, 47, 49, 51, 52, 53, 59, 61 to 77, = 143. Protected persons whose release, repatriation = or=20 re-establishment may take place after such dates shall = meanwhile=20 continue to benefit by the present = Convention. Art. 7. In addition to the agreements = expressly=20 provided for in Articles 11, 14, 15, 17, 36, 108, 109, = 132, 133=20 and 149, the High Contracting Parties may conclude other = special=20 agreements for all matters concerning which they may deem = it=20 suitable to make separate provision. No special agreement = shall=20 adversely affect the situation of protected persons, as = defined by=20 the present Convention, not restrict the rights which it = confers=20 upon them. Protected = persons shall=20 continue to have the benefit of such agreements as long as = the=20 Convention is applicable to them, except where express = provisions=20 to the contrary are contained in the aforesaid or in = subsequent=20 agreements, or where more favourable measures have been = taken with=20 regard to them by one or other of the Parties to the=20 conflict. Art. 8. = Protected persons=20 may in no circumstances renounce in part or in entirety = the rights=20 secured to them by the present Convention, and by the = special=20 agreements referred to in the foregoing Article, if such = there=20 be. Art. 9. The present = Convention=20 shall be applied with the cooperation and under the = scrutiny of=20 the Protecting Powers whose duty it is to safeguard the = interests=20 of the Parties to the conflict. For this purpose, the = Protecting=20 Powers may appoint, apart from their diplomatic or = consular staff,=20 delegates from amongst their own nationals or the = nationals of=20 other neutral Powers. The said delegates shall be subject = to the=20 approval of the Power with which they are to carry out = their=20 duties. The Parties to = the conflict=20 shall facilitate to the greatest extent possible the task = of the=20 representatives or delegates of the Protecting=20 Powers. The = representatives or=20 delegates of the Protecting Powers shall not in any case = exceed=20 their mission under the present = Convention. They shall, in particular, take account of = the=20 imperative necessities of security of the State wherein = they carry=20 out their duties. Art. = 10. The=20 provisions of the present Convention constitute no = obstacle to the=20 humanitarian activities which the International Committee = of the=20 Red Cross or any other impartial humanitarian organization = may,=20 subject to the consent of the Parties to the conflict = concerned,=20 undertake for the protection of civilian persons and for = their=20 relief. Art. 11. The High = Contracting Parties may at any time agree to entrust to an = international organization which offers all guarantees of=20 impartiality and efficacy the duties incumbent on the = Protecting=20 Powers by virtue of the present = Convention. When persons protected by the present = Convention do not=20 benefit or cease to benefit, no matter for what reason, by = the=20 activities of a Protecting Power or of an organization = provided=20 for in the first paragraph above, the Detaining Power = shall=20 request a neutral State, or such an organization, to = undertake the=20 functions performed under the present Convention by a = Protecting=20 Power designated by the Parties to a = conflict. If protection cannot be arranged accordingly, = the=20 Detaining Power shall request or shall accept, subject to = the=20 provisions of this Article, the offer of the services of a = humanitarian organization, such as the International = Committee of=20 the Red Cross, to assume the humanitarian functions = performed by=20 Protecting Powers under the present=20 Convention. Any neutral = Power or=20 any organization invited by the Power concerned or = offering itself=20 for these purposes, shall be required to act with a sense = of=20 responsibility towards the Party to the conflict on which = persons=20 protected by the present Convention depend, and shall be = required=20 to furnish sufficient assurances that it is in a position = to=20 undertake the appropriate functions and to discharge them=20 impartially. No = derogation from the=20 preceding provisions shall be made by special agreements = between=20 Powers one of which is restricted, even temporarily, in = its=20 freedom to negotiate with the other Power or its allies by = reason=20 of military events, more particularly where the whole, or = a=20 substantial part, of the territory of the said Power is=20 occupied. Whenever in the = present=20 Convention mention is made of a Protecting Power, such = mention=20 applies to substitute organizations in the sense of the = present=20 Article. The provisions = of this=20 Article shall extend and be adapted to cases of nationals = of a=20 neutral State who are in occupied territory or who find = themselves=20 in the territory of a belligerent State in which the State = of=20 which they are nationals has not normal diplomatic=20 representation. Art. 12. = In cases=20 where they deem it advisable in the interest of protected = persons,=20 particularly in cases of disagreement between the Parties = to the=20 conflict as to the application or interpretation of the = provisions=20 of the present Convention, the Protecting Powers shall = lend their=20 good offices with a view to settling the=20 disagreement. For this = purpose,=20 each of the Protecting Powers may, either at the = invitation of one=20 Party or on its own initiative, propose to the Parties to = the=20 conflict a meeting of their representatives, and in = particular of=20 the authorities responsible for protected persons, = possibly on=20 neutral territory suitably chosen. The Parties to the = conflict=20 shall be bound to give effect to the proposals made to = them for=20 this purpose. The Protecting Powers may, if necessary, = propose for=20 approval by the Parties to the conflict a person belonging = to a=20 neutral Power, or delegated by the International Committee = of the=20 Red Cross, who shall be invited to take part in such a=20 meeting. Part II. = General=20 Protection of Populations Against Certain Consequences of=20 War Art. 13. The = provisions of Part=20 II cover the whole of the populations of the countries in=20 conflict, without any adverse distinction based, in = particular, on=20 race, nationality, religion or political opinion, and are = intended=20 to alleviate the sufferings caused by = war. Art. 14. In time of peace, the High = Contracting Parties=20 and, after the outbreak of hostilities, the Parties = thereto, may=20 establish in their own territory and, if the need arises, = in=20 occupied areas, hospital and safety zones and localities = so=20 organized as to protect from the effects of war, wounded, = sick and=20 aged persons, children under fifteen, expectant mothers = and=20 mothers of children under seven. Upon the outbreak and during the course of = hostilities,=20 the Parties concerned may conclude agreements on mutual=20 recognition of the zones and localities they have created. = They=20 may for this purpose implement the provisions of the Draft = Agreement annexed to the present Convention, with such = amendments=20 as they may consider necessary. The=20 Protecting Powers and the International Committee of the = Red Cross=20 are invited to lend their good offices in order to = facilitate the=20 institution and recognition of these hospital and safety = zones and=20 localities. Art. 15. Any = Party to=20 the conflict may, either direct or through a neutral State = or some=20 humanitarian organization, propose to the adverse Party to = establish, in the regions where fighting is taking place,=20 neutralized zones intended to shelter from the effects of = war the=20 following persons, without distinction:=20 (a) wounded and sick = combatants or=20 non-combatants; (b) civilian = persons=20 who take no part in hostilities, and who, while they = reside in the=20 zones, perform no work of a military character.=20 When the Parties = concerned have=20 agreed upon the geographical position, administration, = food supply=20 and supervision of the proposed neutralized zone, a = written=20 agreement shall be concluded and signed by the = representatives of=20 the Parties to the conflict. The agreement shall fix the = beginning=20 and the duration of the neutralization of the=20 zone. Art. 16. The = wounded and=20 sick, as well as the infirm, and expectant mothers, shall = be the=20 object of particular protection and = respect. As far as military considerations allow, each = Party to=20 the conflict shall facilitate the steps taken to search = for the=20 killed and wounded, to assist the shipwrecked and other = persons=20 exposed to grave danger, and to protect them against = pillage and=20 ill-treatment. Art. 17. = The Parties=20 to the conflict shall endeavour to conclude local = agreements for=20 the removal from besieged or encircled areas, of wounded, = sick,=20 infirm, and aged persons, children and maternity cases, = and for=20 the passage of ministers of all religions, medical = personnel and=20 medical equipment on their way to such = areas. Art. 18. Civilian hospitals organized to give = care to=20 the wounded and sick, the infirm and maternity cases, may = in no=20 circumstances be the object of attack but shall at all = times be=20 respected and protected by the Parties to the=20 conflict. States which = are Parties=20 to a conflict shall provide all civilian hospitals with=20 certificates showing that they are civilian hospitals and = that the=20 buildings which they occupy are not used for any purpose = which=20 would deprive these hospitals of protection in accordance = with=20 Article 19. Civilian = hospitals=20 shall be marked by means of the emblem provided for in = Article 38=20 of the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the = Condition of=20 the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field of 12 = August=20 1949, but only if so authorized by the = State. The Parties to the conflict shall, in so far = as=20 military considerations permit, take the necessary steps = to make=20 the distinctive emblems indicating civilian hospitals = clearly=20 visible to the enemy land, air and naval forces in order = to=20 obviate the possibility of any hostile = action. In view of the dangers to which hospitals may = be=20 exposed by being close to military objectives, it is = recommended=20 that such hospitals be situated as far as possible from = such=20 objectives. Art. 19. The = protection=20 to which civilian hospitals are entitled shall not cease = unless=20 they are used to commit, outside their humanitarian = duties, acts=20 harmful to the enemy. Protection may, however, cease only = after=20 due warning has been given, naming, in all appropriate = cases, a=20 reasonable time limit and after such warning has remained=20 unheeded. The fact that = sick or=20 wounded members of the armed forces are nursed in these = hospitals,=20 or the presence of small arms and ammunition taken from = such=20 combatants and not yet been handed to the proper service, = shall=20 not be considered to be acts harmful to the=20 enemy. Art. 20. Persons = regularly=20 and solely engaged in the operation and administration of = civilian=20 hospitals, including the personnel engaged in the search = for,=20 removal and transporting of and caring for wounded and = sick=20 civilians, the infirm and maternity cases shall be = respected and=20 protected. In occupied = territory=20 and in zones of military operations, the above personnel = shall be=20 recognizable by means of an identity card certifying their = status,=20 bearing the photograph of the holder and embossed with the = stamp=20 of the responsible authority, and also by means of a = stamped,=20 water-resistant armlet which they shall wear on the left = arm while=20 carrying out their duties. This armlet shall be issued by = the=20 State and shall bear the emblem provided for in Article 38 = of the=20 Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of = the=20 Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field of 12 August = 1949. Other personnel who = are=20 engaged in the operation and administration of civilian = hospitals=20 shall be entitled to respect and protection and to wear = the=20 armlet, as provided in and under the conditions prescribed = in this=20 Article, while they are employed on such duties. The = identity card=20 shall state the duties on which they are=20 employed. The management = of each=20 hospital shall at all times hold at the disposal of the = competent=20 national or occupying authorities an up-to-date list of = such=20 personnel. Art. 21. = Convoys of=20 vehicles or hospital trains on land or specially provided = vessels=20 on sea, conveying wounded and sick civilians, the infirm = and=20 maternity cases, shall be respected and protected in the = same=20 manner as the hospitals provided for in Article 18, and = shall be=20 marked, with the consent of the State, by the display of = the=20 distinctive emblem provided for in Article 38 of the = Geneva=20 Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the = Wounded=20 and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field of 12 August=20 1949. Art.22. Aircraft = exclusively=20 employed for the removal of wounded and sick civilians, = the infirm=20 and maternity cases or for the transport of medical = personnel and=20 equipment, shall not be attacked, but shall be respected = while=20 flying at heights, times and on routes specifically agreed = upon=20 between all the Parties to the conflict=20 concerned. They may be = marked with=20 the distinctive emblem provided for in Article 38 of the = Geneva=20 Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the = Wounded=20 and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field of 12 August=20 1949. Unless agreed = otherwise,=20 flights over enemy or enemy occupied territory are=20 prohibited. Such aircraft = shall=20 obey every summons to land. In the event of a landing thus = imposed, the aircraft with its occupants may continue its = flight=20 after examination, if any. Art. 23.=20 Each High Contracting Party shall allow the free passage = of all=20 consignments of medical and hospital stores and objects = necessary=20 for religious worship intended only for civilians of = another High=20 Contracting Party, even if the latter is its adversary. It = shall=20 likewise permit the free passage of all consignments of = essential=20 foodstuffs, clothing and tonics intended for children = under=20 fifteen, expectant mothers and maternity=20 cases. The obligation of = a High=20 Contracting Party to allow the free passage of the = consignments=20 indicated in the preceding paragraph is subject to the = condition=20 that this Party is satisfied that there are no serious=20 reasons for fearing:=20 (a) that the = consignments may be=20 diverted from their destination, (b)=20 that the control may not be effective, or (c) that a definite advantage may accrue to = the=20 military efforts or economy of the enemy through the = substitution=20 of the above-mentioned consignments for goods which would=20 otherwise be provided or produced by the enemy or through = the=20 release of such material, services or facilities as would=20 otherwise be required for the production of such goods.=20 The Power which allows = the passage=20 of the consignments indicated in the first paragraph of = this=20 Article may make such permission conditional on the = distribution=20 to the persons benefited thereby being made under the = local=20 supervision of the Protecting Powers. Such consignments shall be forwarded as = rapidly as=20 possible, and the Power which permits their free passage = shall=20 have the right to prescribe the technical arrangements = under which=20 such passage is allowed. Art.24.=20 The Parties to the conflict shall take the necessary = measures to=20 ensure that children under fifteen, who are orphaned or = are=20 separated from their families as a result of the war, are = not left=20 to their own resources, and that their maintenance, the = exercise=20 of their religion and their education are facilitated in = all=20 circumstances. Their education shall, as far as possible, = be=20 entrusted to persons of a similar cultural=20 tradition. The Parties to = the=20 conflict shall facilitate the reception of such children = in a=20 neutral country for the duration of the conflict with the = consent=20 of the Protecting Power, if any, and under due safeguards = for the=20 observance of the principles stated in the first=20 paragraph. They shall, = furthermore,=20 endeavour to arrange for all children under twelve to be=20 identified by the wearing of identity discs, or by some = other=20 means. Art. 25. All = persons in the=20 territory of a Party to the conflict, or in a territory = occupied=20 by it, shall be enabled to give news of a strictly = personal nature=20 to members of their families, wherever they may be, and to = receive=20 news from them. This correspondence shall be forwarded = speedily=20 and without undue delay. If, as a=20 result of circumstances, it becomes difficult or = impossible to=20 exchange family correspondence by the ordinary post, the = Parties=20 to the conflict concerned shall apply to a neutral = intermediary,=20 such as the Central Agency provided for in Article 140, = and shall=20 decide in consultation with it how to ensure the = fulfilment of=20 their obligations under the best possible conditions, in=20 particular with the cooperation of the National Red Cross = (Red=20 Crescent, Red Lion and Sun) Societies. If the Parties to the conflict deem it = necessary to=20 restrict family correspondence, such restrictions shall be = confined to the compulsory use of standard forms = containing=20 twenty-five freely chosen words, and to the limitation of = the=20 number of these forms despatched to one each=20 month. Art. 26. Each = Party to the=20 conflict shall facilitate enquiries made by members of = families=20 dispersed owing to the war, with the object of renewing = contact=20 with one another and of meeting, if possible. It shall = encourage,=20 in particular, the work of organizations engaged on this = task=20 provided they are acceptable to it and conform to its = security=20 regulations. Part = III. Status=20 and Treatment of Protected Persons Section I. Provisions common to the = territories of the=20 parties to the conflict and to occupied=20 territories Art. 27. = Protected=20 persons are entitled, in all circumstances, to respect for = their=20 persons, their honour, their family rights, their = religious=20 convictions and practices, and their manners and customs. = They=20 shall at all times be humanely treated, and shall be = protected=20 especially against all acts of violence or threats thereof = and=20 against insults and public curiosity. Women shall be especially protected against = any attack=20 on their honour, in particular against rape, enforced=20 prostitutiOn, or any form of indecent = assault. Without prejudice to the provisions relating = to their=20 state of health, age and sex, all protected persons shall = be=20 treated with the same consideration by the Party to the = conflict=20 in whose power they are, without any adverse distinction = based, in=20 particular, on race, religion or political=20 opinion. However, the = Parties to=20 the conflict may take such measures of control and = security in=20 regard to protected persons as may be necessary as a = result of the=20 war. Art. 28. The = presence of a=20 protected person may not be used to render certain points = or areas=20 immune from military operations. Art. 29. The Party to the conflict in whose = hands=20 protected persons may be, is responsible for the treatment = accorded to them by its agents, irrespective of any = individual=20 responsibility which may be incurred. Art. 30. Protected persons shall have every = facility=20 for making application to the Protecting Powers, the = International=20 Committee of the Red Cross, the National Red Cross (Red = Crescent,=20 Red Lion and Sun) Society of the country where they may = be, as=20 well as to any organization that might assist=20 them. These several = organizations=20 shall be granted all facilities for that purpose by the=20 authorities, within the bounds set by military or security = considerations. Apart = from the=20 visits of the delegates of the Protecting Powers and of = the=20 International Committee of the Red Cross, provided for by = Article=20 143, the Detaining or Occupying Powers shall facilitate, = as much=20 as possible, visits to protected persons by the = representatives of=20 other organizations whose object is to give spiritual aid = or=20 material relief to such persons. Art. 31. No physical or moral coercion shall = be=20 exercised against protected persons, in particular to = obtain=20 information from them or from third = parties. Art. 32. The High Contracting Parties = specifically=20 agree that each of them is prohibited from taking any = measure of=20 such a character as to cause the physical suffering or=20 extermination of protected persons in their hands. This=20 prohibition applies not only to murder, torture, corporal=20 punishments, mutilation and medical or scientific = experiments not=20 necessitated by the medical treatment of a protected = person, but=20 also to any other measures of brutality whether applied by = civilian or military agents. Art.=20 33. No protected person may be punished for an offence he = or she=20 has not personally committed. Collective penalties and = likewise=20 all measures of intimidation or of terrorism are=20 prohibited. Pillage is=20 prohibited. Reprisals = against=20 protected persons and their property are=20 prohibited. Art. 34. The = taking of=20 hostages is prohibited. Section=20 II. Aliens in the territory of a party to the=20 conflict Art. 35. All = protected=20 persons who may desire to leave the territory at the = outset of, or=20 during a conflict, shall be entitled to do so, unless = their=20 departure is contrary to the national interests of the = State. The=20 applications of such persons to leave shall be decided in=20 accordance with regularly established procedures and the = decision=20 shall be taken as rapidly as possible. Those persons = permitted to=20 leave may provide themselves with the necessary funds for = their=20 journey and take with them a reasonable amount of their = effects=20 and articles of personal use. If=20 any such person is refused permission to leave the = territory, he=20 shall be entitled to have refusal reconsidered, as soon as = possible by an appropriate court or administrative board=20 designated by the Detaining Power for that=20 purpose. Upon request,=20 representatives of the Protecting Power shall, unless = reasons of=20 security prevent it, or the persons concerned object, be = furnished=20 with the reasons for refusal of any request for permission = to=20 leave the territory and be given, as expeditiously as = possible,=20 the names of all persons who have been denied permission = to=20 leave. Art. 36. = Departures=20 permitted under the foregoing Article shall be carried out = in=20 satisfactory conditions as regards safety, hygiene, = sanitation and=20 food. All costs in connection therewith, from the point of = exit in=20 the territory of the Detaining Power, shall be borne by = the=20 country of destination, or, in the case of accommodation = in a=20 neutral country, by the Power whose nationals are = benefited. The=20 practical details of such movements may, if necessary, be = settled=20 by special agreements between the Powers=20 concerned. The foregoing = shall not=20 prejudice such special agreements as may be concluded = between=20 Parties to the conflict concerning the exchange and = repatriation=20 of their nationals in enemy hands. Art. 37. Protected persons who are confined = pending=20 proceedings or serving a sentence involving loss of = liberty, shall=20 during their confinement be humanely treated. = As soon as they are released, they may ask to = leave the=20 territory in conformity with the foregoing=20 Articles. Art. 38. With = the=20 exception of special measures authorized by the present=20 Convention, in particularly by Article 27 and 41 thereof, = the=20 situation of protected persons shall continue to be = regulated, in=20 principle, by the provisions concerning aliens in time of = peace.=20 In any case, the following rights shall=20 be granted to them: (1) = they shall=20 be enabled to receive the individual or collective relief = that may=20 be sent to them. (2) they = shall, if=20 their state of health so requires, receive medical = attention and=20 hospital treatment to the same extent as the nationals of = the=20 State concerned. (3) they = shall be=20 allowed to practise their religion and to receive = spiritual=20 assistance from ministers of their faith. (4) if they reside in an area particularly = exposed to=20 the dangers of war, they shall be authorized to move from = that=20 area to the same extent as the nationals of the State=20 concerned. (5) children under = fifteen=20 years, pregnant women and mothers of children under seven = years=20 shall benefit by any preferential treatment to the same = extent as=20 the nationals of the State concerned.=20 Art. 39. Protected = persons who, as=20 a result of the war, have lost their gainful employment, = shall be=20 granted the opportunity to find paid employment. That = opportunity=20 shall, subject to security considerations and to the = provisions of=20 Article 40, be equal to that enjoyed by the nationals of = the Power=20 in whose territory they are. Where=20 a Party to the conflict applies to a protected person = methods of=20 control which result in his being unable to support = himself, and=20 especially if such a person is prevented for reasons of = security=20 from finding paid employment on reasonable conditions, the = said=20 Party shall ensure his support and that of his=20 dependents. Protected = persons may=20 in any case receive allowances from their home country, = the=20 Protecting Power, or the relief societies referred to in = Article=20 30. Art. 40. Protected = persons may=20 be compelled to work only to the same extent as nationals = of the=20 Party to the conflict in whose territory they=20 are. If protected persons = are of=20 enemy nationality, they may only be compelled to do work = which is=20 normally necessary to ensure the feeding, sheltering, = clothing,=20 transport and health of human beings and which is not = directly=20 related to the conduct of military = operations. In the cases mentioned in the two preceding = paragraphs,=20 protected persons compelled to work shall have the benefit = of the=20 same working conditions and of the same safeguards as = national=20 workers in particular as regards wages, hours of labour, = clothing=20 and equipment, previous training and compensation for = occupational=20 accidents and diseases. If the=20 above provisions are infringed, protected persons shall be = allowed=20 to exercise their right of complaint in accordance with = Article=20 30. Art. 41. Should the = Power, in=20 whose hands protected persons may be, consider the = measures of=20 control mentioned in the present Convention to be = inadequate, it=20 may not have recourse to any other measure of control more = severe=20 than that of assigned residence or internment, in = accordance with=20 the provisions of Articles 42 and 43. In applying the provisions of Article 39, = second=20 paragraph, to the cases of persons required to leave their = usual=20 places of residence by virtue of a decision placing them = in=20 assigned residence elsewhere, the Detaining Power shall be = guided=20 as closely as possible by the standards of welfare set = forth in=20 Part III, Section IV of this = Convention. Art. 42. The internment or placing in = assigned=20 residence of protected persons may be ordered only if the = security=20 of the Detaining Power makes it absolutely=20 necessary. If any person, = acting=20 through the representatives of the Protecting Power, = voluntarily=20 demands internment, and if his situation renders this step = necessary, he shall be interned by the Power in whose = hands he may=20 be. Art. 43. Any = protected person=20 who has been interned or placed in assigned residence = shall be=20 entitled to have such action reconsidered as soon as = possible by=20 an appropriate court or administrative board designated by = the=20 Detaining Power for that purpose. If the internment or = placing in=20 assigned residence is maintained, the court or = administrative=20 board shall periodically, and at least twice yearly, give=20 consideration to his or her case, with a view to the = favourable=20 amendment of the initial decision, if circumstances=20 permit. Unless the = protected=20 persons concerned object, the Detaining Power shall, as = rapidly as=20 possible, give the Protecting Power the names of any = protected=20 persons who have been interned or subjected to assigned = residence,=20 or who have been released from internment or assigned = residence.=20 The decisions of the courts or boards mentioned in the = first=20 paragraph of the present Article shall also, subject to = the same=20 conditions, be notified as rapidly as possible to the = Protecting=20 Power. Art. 44. In = applying the=20 measures of control mentioned in the present Convention, = the=20 Detaining Power shall not treat as enemy aliens = exclusively on the=20 basis of their nationality de jure of an enemy State, = refugees who=20 do not, in fact, enjoy the protection of any=20 government. Art. 45. = Protected=20 persons shall not be transferred to a Power which is not a = party=20 to the Convention. This = provision=20 shall in no way constitute an obstacle to the repatriation = of=20 protected persons, or to their return to their country of=20 residence after the cessation of = hostilities. Protected persons may be transferred by the = Detaining=20 Power only to a Power which is a party to the present = Convention=20 and after the Detaining Power has satisfied itself of the=20 willingness and ability of such transferee Power to apply = the=20 present Convention. If protected persons are transferred = under=20 such circumstances, responsibility for the application of = the=20 present Convention rests on the Power accepting them, = while they=20 are in its custody. Nevertheless, if that Power fails to = carry out=20 the provisions of the present Convention in any important = respect,=20 the Power by which the protected persons were transferred = shall,=20 upon being so notified by the Protecting Power, take = effective=20 measures to correct the situation or shall request the = return of=20 the protected persons. Such request must be complied=20 with. In no circumstances = shall a=20 protected person be transferred to a country where he or = she may=20 have reason to fear persecution for his or her political = opinions=20 or religious beliefs. The = provisions of this Article do not constitute an obstacle = to the=20 extradition, in pursuance of extradition treaties = concluded before=20 the outbreak of hostilities, of protected persons accused = of=20 offences against ordinary criminal = law. Art. 46. In so far as they have not been = previously=20 withdrawn, restrictive measures taken regarding protected = persons=20 shall be cancelled as soon as possible after the close of=20 hostilities. Restrictive = measures=20 affecting their property shall be cancelled, in accordance = with=20 the law of the Detaining Power, as soon as possible after = the=20 close of hostilities. Section III.=20 Occupied territories Art. = 47.=20 Protected persons who are in occupied territory shall not = be=20 deprived, in any case or in any manner whatsoever, of the = benefits=20 of the present Convention by any change introduced, as the = result=20 of the occupation of a territory, into the institutions or = government of the said territory, nor by any agreement = concluded=20 between the authorities of the occupied territories and = the=20 Occupying Power, nor by any annexation by the latter of = the whole=20 or part of the occupied territory. Art. 48. Protected persons who are not = nationals of the=20 Power whose territory is occupied, may avail themselves of = the=20 right to leave the territory subject to the provisions of = Article=20 35, and decisions thereon shall be taken according to the=20 procedure which the Occupying Power shall establish in = accordance=20 with the said Article. Art. 49.=20 Individual or mass forcible transfers, as well as = deportations of=20 protected persons from occupied territory to the territory = of the=20 Occupying Power or to that of any other country, occupied = or not,=20 are prohibited, regardless of their = motive. Nevertheless, the Occupying Power may = undertake total=20 or partial evacuation of a given area if the security of = the=20 population or imperative military reasons so demand. Such=20 evacuations may not involve the displacement of protected = persons=20 outside the bounds of the occupied territory except when = for=20 material reasons it is impossible to avoid such = displacement.=20 Persons thus evacuated shall be transferred back to their = homes as=20 soon as hostilities in the area in question have=20 ceased. The Occupying = Power=20 undertaking such transfers or evacuations shall ensure, to = the=20 greatest practicable extent, that proper accommodation is = provided=20 to receive the protected persons, that the removals are = effected=20 in satisfactory conditions of hygiene, health, safety and=20 nutrition, and that members of the same family are not=20 separated. The Protecting = Power=20 shall be informed of any transfers and evacuations as soon = as they=20 have taken place. The = Occupying=20 Power shall not detain protected persons in an area = particularly=20 exposed to the dangers of war unless the security of the=20 population or imperative military reasons so=20 demand. The Occupying = Power shall=20 not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian = population into=20 the territory it occupies. Art. 50.=20 The Occupying Power shall, with the cooperation of the = national=20 and local authorities, facilitate the proper working of = all=20 institutions devoted to the care and education of=20 children. The Occupying = Power shall=20 take all necessary steps to facilitate the identification = of=20 children and the registration of their parentage. It may = not, in=20 any case, change their personal status, nor enlist them in = formations or organizations subordinate to = it. Should the local institutions be inadequate = for the=20 purpose, the Occupying Power shall make arrangements for = the=20 maintenance and education, if possible by persons of their = own=20 nationality, language and religion, of children who are = orphaned=20 or separated from their parents as a result of the war and = who=20 cannot be adequately cared for by a near relative or=20 friend. A special section = of the=20 Bureau set up in accordance with Article 136 shall be = responsible=20 for taking all necessary steps to identify children whose = identity=20 is in doubt. Particulars of their parents or other near = relatives=20 should always be recorded if = available. The Occupying Power shall not hinder the = application of=20 any preferential measures in regard to food, medical care = and=20 protection against the effects of war which may have been = adopted=20 prior to the occupation in favour of children under = fifteen years,=20 expectant mothers, and mothers of children under seven=20 years. Art. 51. The = Occupying Power=20 may not compel protected persons to serve in its armed or=20 auxiliary forces. No pressure or propaganda which aims at = securing=20 voluntary enlistment is permitted. The Occupying Power may not compel protected = persons to=20 work unless they are over eighteen years of age, and then = only on=20 work which is necessary either for the needs of the army = of=20 occupation, or for the public utility services, or for the = feeding, sheltering, clothing, transportation or health of = the=20 population of the occupied country. Protected persons may = not be=20 compelled to undertake any work which would involve them = in the=20 obligation of taking part in military operations. The = Occupying=20 Power may not compel protected persons to employ forcible = means to=20 ensure the security of the installations where they are = performing=20 compulsory labour. The = work shall=20 be carried out only in the occupied territory where the = persons=20 whose services have been requisitioned are. Every such = person=20 shall, so far as possible, be kept in his usual place of=20 employment. Workers shall be paid a fair wage and the work = shall=20 be proportionate to their physical and intellectual = capacities.=20 The legislation in force in the occupied country = concerning=20 working conditions, and safeguards as regards, in = particular, such=20 matters as wages, hours of work, equipment, preliminary = training=20 and compensation for occupational accidents and diseases, = shall be=20 applicable to the protected persons assigned to the work = referred=20 to in this Article. In no = case=20 shall requisition of labour lead to a mobilization of = workers in=20 an organization of a military or semi-military=20 character. Art. 52. No = contract,=20 agreement or regulation shall impair the right of any = worker,=20 whether voluntary or not and wherever he may be, to apply = to the=20 representatives of the Protecting Power in order to = request the=20 said Power's intervention. All=20 measures aiming at creating unemployment or at restricting = the=20 opportunities offered to workers in an occupied territory, = in=20 order to induce them to work for the Occupying Power, are=20 prohibited. Art. 53. Any=20 destruction by the Occupying Power of real or personal = property=20 belonging individually or collectively to private persons, = or to=20 the State, or to other public authorities, or to social or = cooperative organizations, is prohibited, except where = such=20 destruction is rendered absolutely necessary by military=20 operations. Art. 54. The = Occupying=20 Power may not alter the status of public officials or = judges in=20 the occupied territories, or in any way apply sanctions to = or take=20 any measures of coercion or discrimination against them, = should=20 they abstain from fulfilling their functions for reasons = of=20 conscience. This = prohibition does=20 not prejudice the application of the second paragraph of = Article=20 51. It does not affect the right of the Occupying Power to = remove=20 public officials from their posts. Art. 55. To the fullest extent of the means = available=20 to it, the Occupying Power has the duty of ensuring the = food and=20 medical supplies of the population; it should, in = particular,=20 bring in the necessary foodstuffs, medical stores and = other=20 articles if the resources of the occupied territory are=20 inadequate. The Occupying = Power may=20 not requisition foodstuffs, articles or medical supplies = available=20 in the occupied territory, except for use by the = occupation forces=20 and administration personnel, and then only if the = requirements of=20 the civilian population have been taken into account. = Subject to=20 the provisions of other international Conventions, the = Occupying=20 Power shall make arrangements to ensure that fair value is = paid=20 for any requisitioned goods. The=20 Protecting Power shall, at any time, be at liberty to = verify the=20 state of the food and medical supplies in occupied = territories,=20 except where temporary restrictions are made necessary by=20 imperative military requirements. Art. 56. To the fullest extent of the means = available=20 to it, the Occupying Power has the duty of ensuring and=20 maintaining, with the cooperation of national and local=20 authorities, the medical and hospital establishments and = services,=20 public health and hygiene in the occupied territory, with=20 particular reference to the adoption and application of = the=20 prophylactic and preventive measures necessary to combat = the=20 spread of contagious diseases and epidemics. Medical = personnel of=20 all categories shall be allowed to carry out their=20 duties. If new hospitals = are set up=20 in occupied territory and if the competent organs of the = occupied=20 State are not operating there, the occupying authorities = shall, if=20 necessary, grant them the recognition provided for in = Article 18.=20 In similar circumstances, the occupying authorities shall = also=20 grant recognition to hospital personnel and transport = vehicles=20 under the provisions of Articles 20 and = 21. In adopting measures of health and hygiene = and in their=20 implementation, the Occupying Power shall take into = consideration=20 the moral and ethical susceptibilities of the population = of the=20 occupied territory. Art. = 57. The=20 Occupying Power may requisition civilian hospitals of = hospitals=20 only temporarily and only in cases of urgent necessity for = the=20 care of military wounded and sick, and then on condition = that=20 suitable arrangements are made in due time for the care = and=20 treatment of the patients and for the needs of the = civilian=20 population for hospital accommodation. The material and stores of civilian hospitals = cannot be=20 requisitioned so long as they are necessary for the needs = of the=20 civilian population. Art. = 58. The=20 Occupying Power shall permit ministers of religion to give = spiritual assistance to the members of their religious=20 communities. The = Occupying Power=20 shall also accept consignments of books and articles = required for=20 religious needs and shall facilitate their distribution in = occupied territory. Art. = 59. If the=20 whole or part of the population of an occupied territory = is=20 inadequately supplied, the Occupying Power shall agree to = relief=20 schemes on behalf of the said population, and shall = facilitate=20 them by all the means at its disposal. Such schemes, which may be undertaken either = by States=20 or by impartial humanitarian organizations such as the=20 International Committee of the Red Cross, shall consist, = in=20 particular, of the provision of consignments of = foodstuffs,=20 medical supplies and clothing. All=20 Contracting Parties shall permit the free passage of these = consignments and shall guarantee their=20 protection. A Power = granting free=20 passage to consignments on their way to territory occupied = by an=20 adverse Party to the conflict shall, however, have the = right to=20 search the consignments, to regulate their passage = according to=20 prescribed times and routes, and to be reasonably = satisfied=20 through the Protecting Power that these consignments are = to be=20 used for the relief of the needy population and are not to = be used=20 for the benefit of the Occupying = Power. Art. 60. Relief consignments shall in no way = relieve=20 the Occupying Power of any of its responsibilities under = Articles=20 55, 56 and 59. The Occupying Power shall in no way = whatsoever=20 divert relief consignments from the purpose for which they = are=20 intended, except in cases of urgent necessity, in the = interests of=20 the population of the occupied territory and with the = consent of=20 the Protecting Power. Art. 61. The=20 distribution of the relief consignments referred to in the = foregoing Articles shall be carried out with the = cooperation and=20 under the supervision of the Protecting Power. This duty = may also=20 be delegated, by agreement between the Occupying Power and = the=20 Protecting Power, to a neutral Power, to the International = Committee of the Red Cross or to any other impartial = humanitarian=20 body. Such consignments = shall be=20 exempt in occupied territory from all charges, taxes or = customs=20 duties unless these are necessary in the interests of the = economy=20 of the territory. The Occupying Power shall facilitate the = rapid=20 distribution of these consignments. All Contracting Parties shall endeavour to = permit the=20 transit and transport, free of charge, of such relief = consignments=20 on their way to occupied territories. Art. 62. Subject to imperative reasons of = security,=20 protected persons in occupied territories shall be = permitted to=20 receive the individual relief consignments sent to=20 them. Art. 63. Subject to = temporary=20 and exceptional measures imposed for urgent reasons of = security by=20 the Occupying Power: (a) = recognized National Red Cross (Red Crescent, Red Lion and = Sun)=20 Societies shall be able to pursue their activities in = accordance=20 with Red Cross principles, as defined by the International = Red=20 Cross Conferences. Other relief societies shall be = permitted to=20 continue their humanitarian activities under similar=20 conditions; (b) the Occupying = Power may=20 not require any changes in the personnel or structure of = these=20 societies, which would prejudice the aforesaid activities. = The same principles = shall apply to=20 the activities and personnel of special organizations of a = non-military character, which already exist or which may = be=20 established, for the purpose of ensuring the living = conditions of=20 the civilian population by the maintenance of the = essential public=20 utility services, by the distribution of relief and by the = organization of rescues. Art. 64.=20 The penal laws of the occupied territory shall remain in = force,=20 with the exception that they may be repealed or suspended = by the=20 Occupying Power in cases where they constitute a threat to = its=20 security or an obstacle to the application of the present=20 Convention. Subject to = the latter=20 consideration and to the necessity for ensuring the = effective=20 administration of justice, the tribunals of the occupied = territory=20 shall continue to function in respect of all offences = covered by=20 the said laws. The = Occupying Power=20 may, however, subject the population of the occupied = territory to=20 provisions which are essential to enable the Occupying = Power to=20 fulfil its obligations under the present Convention, to = maintain=20 the orderly government of the territory, and to ensure the = security of the Occupying Power, of the members and = property of=20 the occupying forces or administration, and likewise of = the=20 establishments and lines of communication used by=20 them. Art. 65. The penal = provisions=20 enacted by the Occupying Power shall not come into force = before=20 they have been published and brought to the knowledge of = the=20 inhabitants in their own language. The effect of these = penal=20 provisions shall not be retroactive. Art. 66. In case of a breach of the penal = provisions=20 promulgated by it by virtue of the second paragraph of = Article 64=20 the Occupying Power may hand over the accused to its = properly=20 constituted, non-political military courts, on condition = that the=20 said courts sit in the occupied country. Courts of appeal = shall=20 preferably sit in the occupied = country. Art. 67. The courts shall apply only those = provisions=20 of law which were applicable prior to the offence, and = which are=20 in accordance with general principles of law, in = particular the=20 principle that the penalty shall be proportionate to the = offence.=20 They shall take into consideration the fact the accused is = not a=20 national of the Occupying Power. Art. 68. Protected persons who commit an = offence which=20 is solely intended to harm the Occupying Power, but which = does not=20 constitute an attempt on the life or limb of members of = the=20 occupying forces or administration, nor a grave collective = danger,=20 nor seriously damage the property of the occupying forces = or=20 administration or the installations used by them, shall be = liable=20 to internment or simple imprisonment, provided the = duration of=20 such internment or imprisonment is proportionate to the = offence=20 committed. Furthermore, internment or imprisonment shall, = for such=20 offences, be the only measure adopted for depriving = protected=20 persons of liberty. The courts provided for under Article = 66 of=20 the present Convention may at their discretion convert a = sentence=20 of imprisonment to one of internment for the same=20 period. The penal = provisions=20 promulgated by the Occupying Power in accordance with = Articles 64=20 and 65 may impose the death penalty against a protected = person=20 only in cases where the person is guilty of espionage, of = serious=20 acts of sabotage against the military installations of the = Occupying Power or of intentional offences which have = caused the=20 death of one or more persons, provided that such offences = were=20 punishable by death under the law of the occupied = territory in=20 force before the occupation began. The death penalty may not be pronounced = against a=20 protected person unless the attention of the court has = been=20 particularly called to the fact that since the accused is = not a=20 national of the Occupying Power, he is not bound to it by = any duty=20 of allegiance. In any = case, the=20 death penalty may not be pronounced on a protected person = who was=20 under eighteen years of age at the time of the=20 offence. Art. 69. In all = cases the=20 duration of the period during which a protected person = accused of=20 an offence is under arrest awaiting trial or punishment = shall be=20 deducted from any period of imprisonment of=20 awarded. Art. 70. = Protected persons=20 shall not be arrested, prosecuted or convicted by the = Occupying=20 Power for acts committed or for opinions expressed before = the=20 occupation, or during a temporary interruption thereof, = with the=20 exception of breaches of the laws and customs of=20 war. Nationals of the = occupying=20 Power who, before the outbreak of hostilities, have sought = refuge=20 in the territory of the occupied State, shall not be = arrested,=20 prosecuted, convicted or deported from the occupied = territory,=20 except for offences committed after the outbreak of = hostilities,=20 or for offences under common law committed before the = outbreak of=20 hostilities which, according to the law of the occupied = State,=20 would have justified extradition in time of=20 peace. Art. 71. No = sentence shall=20 be pronounced by the competent courts of the Occupying = Power=20 except after a regular trial. Accused persons who are prosecuted by the = Occupying=20 Power shall be promptly informed, in writing, in a = language which=20 they understand, of the particulars of the charges = preferred=20 against them, and shall be brought to trial as rapidly as=20 possible. The Protecting Power shall be informed of all=20 proceedings instituted by the Occupying Power against = protected=20 persons in respect of charges involving the death penalty = or=20 imprisonment for two years or more; it shall be enabled, = at any=20 time, to obtain information regarding the state of such=20 proceedings. Furthermore, the Protecting Power shall be = entitled,=20 on request, to be furnished with all particulars of these = and of=20 any other proceedings instituted by the Occupying Power = against=20 protected persons. The = notification=20 to the Protecting Power, as provided for in the second = paragraph=20 above, shall be sent immediately, and shall in any case = reach the=20 Protecting Power three weeks before the date of the first = hearing.=20 Unless, at the opening of the trial, evidence is submitted = that=20 the provisions of this Article are fully complied with, = the trial=20 shall not proceed. The notification shall include the = following=20 particulars: (a) description = of the=20 accused; (b) place of = residence or=20 detention; (c) specification = of the=20 charge or charges (with mention of the penal provisions = under=20 which it is brought); (d) = designation=20 of the court which will hear the case; (e) place and date of the first=20 hearing. Art. 72. Accused persons shall have the right = to=20 present evidence necessary to their defence and may, in=20 particular, call witnesses. They shall have the right to = be=20 assisted by a qualified advocate or counsel of their own = choice,=20 who shall be able to visit them freely and shall enjoy the = necessary facilities for preparing the=20 defence. Failing a choice = by the=20 accused, the Protecting Power may provide him with an = advocate or=20 counsel. When an accused person has to meet a serious = charge and=20 the Protecting Power is not functioning, the Occupying = Power,=20 subject to the consent of the accused, shall provide an = advocate=20 or counsel. Accused = persons shall,=20 unless they freely waive such assistance, be aided by an=20 interpreter, both during preliminary investigation and = during the=20 hearing in court. They shall have the right at any time to = object=20 to the interpreter and to ask for his=20 replacement. Art.73. A = convicted=20 person shall have the right of appeal provided for by the = laws=20 applied by the court. He shall be fully informed of his = right to=20 appeal or petition and of the time limit within which he = may do=20 so. The penal procedure = provided in=20 the present Section shall apply, as far as it is = applicable, to=20 appeals. Where the laws applied by the Court make no = provision for=20 appeals, the convicted person shall have the right to = petition=20 against the finding and sentence to the competent = authority of the=20 Occupying Power. Art. 74. = Representatives of the Protecting Power shall have the = right to=20 attend the trial of any protected person, unless the = hearing has,=20 as an exceptional measure, to be held in camera in the = interests=20 of the security of the Occupying Power, which shall then = notify=20 the Protecting Power. A notification in respect of the = date and=20 place of trial shall be sent to the Protecting=20 Power. Any judgement = involving a=20 sentence of death, or imprisonment for two years or more, = shall be=20 communicated, with the relevant grounds, as rapidly as = possible to=20 the Protecting Power. The notification shall contain a = reference=20 to the notification made under Article 71 and, in the case = of=20 sentences of imprisonment, the name of the place where the = sentence is to be served. A record of judgements other = than those=20 referred to above shall be kept by the court and shall be = open to=20 inspection by representatives of the Protecting Power. Any = period=20 allowed for appeal in the case of sentences involving the = death=20 penalty, or imprisonment of two years or more, shall not = run until=20 notification of judgement has been received by the = Protecting=20 Power. Art. 75. In no = case shall=20 persons condemned to death be deprived of the right of = petition=20 for pardon or reprieve. No death=20 sentence shall be carried out before the expiration of a = period of=20 a least six months from the date of receipt by the = Protecting=20 Power of the notification of the final judgment confirming = such=20 death sentence, or of an order denying pardon or=20 reprieve. The six months = period of=20 suspension of the death sentence herein prescribed may be = reduced=20 in individual cases in circumstances of grave emergency = involving=20 an organized threat to the security of the Occupying Power = or its=20 forces, provided always that the Protecting Power is = notified of=20 such reduction and is given reasonable time and = opportunity to=20 make representations to the competent occupying = authorities in=20 respect of such death sentences. Art. 76. Protected persons accused of = offences shall be=20 detained in the occupied country, and if convicted they = shall=20 serve their sentences therein. They shall, if possible, be = separated from other detainees and shall enjoy conditions = of food=20 and hygiene which will be sufficient to keep them in good = health,=20 and which will be at least equal to those obtaining in = prisons in=20 the occupied country. They shall=20 receive the medical attention required by their state of=20 health. They shall also = have the=20 right to receive any spiritual assistance which they may=20 require. Women shall be = confined in=20 separate quarters and shall be under the direct = supervision of=20 women. Proper regard = shall be paid=20 to the special treatment due to = minors. Protected persons who are detained shall have = the right=20 to be visited by delegates of the Protecting Power and of = the=20 International Committee of the Red Cross, in accordance = with the=20 provisions of Article 143. Such=20 persons shall have the right to receive at least one = relief parcel=20 monthly. Art. 77. = Protected persons=20 who have been accused of offences or convicted by the = courts in=20 occupied territory, shall be handed over at the close of=20 occupation, with the relevant records, to the authorities = of the=20 liberated territory. Art. = 78. If=20 the Occupying Power considers it necessary, for imperative = reasons=20 of security, to take safety measures concerning protected = persons,=20 it may, at the most, subject them to assigned residence or = to=20 internment. Decisions = regarding=20 such assigned residence or internment shall be made = according to a=20 regular procedure to be prescribed by the Occupying Power = in=20 accordance with the provisions of the present Convention. = This=20 procedure shall include the right of appeal for the = parties=20 concerned. Appeals shall be decided with the least = possible delay.=20 In the event of the decision being upheld, it shall be = subject to=20 periodical review, if possible every six months, by a = competent=20 body set up by the said Power. Protected persons made subject to assigned = residence=20 and thus required to leave their homes shall enjoy the = full=20 benefit of Article 39 of the present=20 Convention. Section = IV.=20 Regulations for the treatment of = internees Chapter I. General = provisions Art. 79. The Parties to the conflict shall = not intern=20 protected persons, except in accordance with the = provisions of=20 Articles 41, 42, 43, 68 and 78. Art. 80. Internees shall retain their full = civil=20 capacity and shall exercise such attendant rights as may = be=20 compatible with their status. Art.=20 81. Parties to the conflict who intern protected persons = shall be=20 bound to provide free of charge for their maintenance, and = to=20 grant them also the medical attention required by their = state of=20 health. No deduction from = the=20 allowances, salaries or credits due to the internees shall = be made=20 for the repayment of these costs. The Detaining Power shall provide for the = support of=20 those dependent on the internees, if such dependents are = without=20 adequate means of support or are unable to earn a=20 living. Art.82. The = Detaining Power=20 shall, as far as possible, accommodate the internees = according to=20 their nationality, language and customs. Internees who are = nationals of the same country shall not be separated = merely=20 because they have different languages. Throughout the duration of their internment, = members of=20 the same family, and in particular parents and children, = shall be=20 lodged together in the same place of internment, except = when=20 separation of a temporary nature is necessitated for = reasons of=20 employment or health or for the purposes of enforcement of = the=20 provisions of Chapter IX of the present Section. Internees = may=20 request that their children who are left at liberty = without=20 parental care shall be interned with = them. Wherever possible, interned members of the = same family=20 shall be housed in the same premises and given separate=20 accommodation from other internees, together with = facilities for=20 leading a proper family life. Chapter II. Places of = Internment Art. 83. The Detaining Power shall not set up = places of=20 internment in areas particularly exposed to the dangers of = war. The Detaining Power = shall give=20 the enemy Powers, through the intermediary of the = Protecting=20 Powers, all useful information regarding the geographical = location=20 of places of internment. Whenever=20 military considerations permit, internment camps shall be=20 indicated by the letters IC, placed so as to be clearly = visible in=20 the daytime from the air. The Powers concerned may, = however, agree=20 upon any other system of marking. No place other than an=20 internment camp shall be marked as = such. Art.84. Internees shall be accommodated and=20 administered separately from prisoners of war and from = persons=20 deprived of liberty for any other = reason. Art. 85. The Detaining Power is bound to take = all=20 necessary and possible measures to ensure that protected = persons=20 shall, from the outset of their internment, be = accommodated in=20 buildings or quarters which afford every possible = safeguard as=20 regards hygiene and health, and provide efficient = protection=20 against the rigours of the climate and the effects of the = war. In=20 no case shall permanent places of internment be situated = in=20 unhealthy areas or in districts, the climate of which is = injurious=20 to the internees. In all cases where the district, in = which a=20 protected person is temporarily interned, is in an = unhealthy area=20 or has a climate which is harmful to his health, he shall = be=20 removed to a more suitable place of internment as rapidly = as=20 circumstances permit. The = premises=20 shall be fully protected from dampness, adequately heated = and=20 lighted, in particular between dusk and lights out. The = sleeping=20 quarters shall be sufficiently spacious and well = ventilated, and=20 the internees shall have suitable bedding and sufficient = blankets,=20 account being taken of the climate, and the age, sex, and = state of=20 health of the internees. Internees=20 shall have for their use, day and night, sanitary = conveniences=20 which conform to the rules of hygiene, and are constantly=20 maintained in a state of cleanliness. They shall be = provided with=20 sufficient water and soap for their daily personal toilet = and for=20 washing their personal laundry; installations and = facilities=20 necessary for this purpose shall be granted to them. = Showers or=20 baths shall also be available. The necessary time shall be = set=20 aside for washing and for cleaning. Whenever it is necessary, as an exceptional = and=20 temporary measure, to accommodate women internees who are = not=20 members of a family unit in the same place of internment = as men,=20 the provision of separate sleeping quarters and sanitary=20 conveniences for the use of such women internees shall be=20 obligatory. Art. 86. The = Detaining=20 Power shall place at the disposal of interned persons, of = whatever=20 denomination, premises suitable for the holding of their = religious=20 services. Art. 87. = Canteens shall=20 be installed in every place of internment, except where = other=20 suitable facilities are available. Their purpose shall be = to=20 enable internees to make purchases, at prices not higher = than=20 local market prices, of foodstuffs and articles of = everyday use,=20 including soap and tobacco, such as would increase their = personal=20 well-being and comfort. Profits=20 made by canteens shall be credited to a welfare fund to be = set up=20 for each place of internment, and administered for the = benefit of=20 the internees attached to such place of internment. The = Internee=20 Committee provided for in Article 102 shall have the right = to=20 check the management of the canteen and of the said=20 fund. When a place of = internment is=20 closed down, the balance of the welfare fund shall be = transferred=20 to the welfare fund of a place of internment for internees = of the=20 same nationality, or, if such a place does not exist, to a = central=20 welfare fund which shall be administered for the benefit = of all=20 internees remaining in the custody of the Detaining Power. = In case=20 of a general release, the said profits shall be kept by = the=20 Detaining Power, subject to any agreement to the contrary = between=20 the Powers concerned. Art. 88. In=20 all places of internment exposed to air raids and other = hazards of=20 war, shelters adequate in number and structure to ensure = the=20 necessary protection shall be installed. In case of = alarms, the=20 measures internees shall be free to enter such shelters as = quickly=20 as possible, excepting those who remain for the protection = of=20 their quarters against the aforesaid hazards. Any = protective=20 measures taken in favour of the population shall also = apply to=20 them. All due precautions = must be=20 taken in places of internment against the danger of=20 fire. Chapter III. Food = and=20 Clothing Art. 89. Daily = food=20 rations for internees shall be sufficient in quantity, = quality and=20 variety to keep internees in a good state of health and = prevent=20 the development of nutritional deficiencies. Account shall = also be=20 taken of the customary diet of the = internees. Internees shall also be given the means by = which they=20 can prepare for themselves any additional food in their=20 possession. Sufficient = drinking=20 water shall be supplied to internees. The use of tobacco = shall be=20 permitted. Internees who = work shall=20 receive additional rations in proportion to the kind of = labour=20 which they perform. Expectant and=20 nursing mothers and children under fifteen years of age, = shall be=20 given additional food, in proportion to their = physiological=20 needs. Art. 90. When = taken into=20 custody, internees shall be given all facilities to = provide=20 themselves with the necessary clothing, footwear and = change of=20 underwear, and later on, to procure further supplies if = required.=20 Should any internees not have sufficient clothing, account = being=20 taken of the climate, and be unable to procure any, it = shall be=20 provided free of charge to them by the Detaining=20 Power. The clothing = supplied by the=20 Detaining Power to internees and the outward markings = placed on=20 their own clothes shall not be ignominious nor expose them = to=20 ridicule. Workers shall = receive=20 suitable working outfits, including protective clothing, = whenever=20 the nature of their work so = requires. Chapter IV. Hygiene and Medical=20 Attention Art. 91. Every = place of=20 internment shall have an adequate infirmary, under the = direction=20 of a qualified doctor, where internees may have the = attention they=20 require, as well as an appropriate diet. Isolation wards = shall be=20 set aside for cases of contagious or mental=20 diseases. Maternity cases = and=20 internees suffering from serious diseases, or whose = condition=20 requires special treatment, a surgical operation or = hospital care,=20 must be admitted to any institution where adequate = treatment can=20 be given and shall receive care not inferior to that = provided for=20 the general population. Internees=20 shall, for preference, have the attention of medical = personnel of=20 their own nationality. Internees=20 may not be prevented from presenting themselves to the = medical=20 authorities for examination. The medical authorities of = the=20 Detaining Power shall, upon request, issue to every = internee who=20 has undergone treatment an official certificate showing = the nature=20 of his illness or injury, and the duration and nature of = the=20 treatment given. A duplicate of this certificate shall be=20 forwarded to the Central Agency provided for in Article=20 140. Treatment, including = the=20 provision of any apparatus necessary for the maintenance = of=20 internees in good health, particularly dentures and other=20 artificial appliances and spectacles, shall be free of = charge to=20 the internee. Art. 92. = Medical=20 inspections of internees shall be made at least once a = month.=20 Their purpose shall be, in particular, to supervise the = general=20 state of health, nutrition and cleanliness of internees, = and to=20 detect contagious diseases, especially tuberculosis, = malaria, and=20 venereal diseases. Such inspections shall include, in = particular,=20 the checking of weight of each internee and, at least once = a year,=20 radioscopic examination. Chapter V. = Religious,=20 Intellectual and Physical Activities Art. 93. Internees shall enjoy complete = latitude in the=20 exercise of their religious duties, including attendance = at the=20 services of their faith, on condition that they comply = with the=20 disciplinary routine prescribed by the detaining=20 authorities. Ministers of = religion=20 who are interned shall be allowed to minister freely to = the=20 members of their community. For this purpose the Detaining = Power=20 shall ensure their equitable allocation amongst the = various places=20 of internment in which there are internees speaking the = same=20 language and belonging to the same religion. Should such = ministers=20 be too few in number, the Detaining Power shall provide = them with=20 the necessary facilities, including means of transport, = for moving=20 from one place to another, and they shall be authorized to = visit=20 any internees who are in hospital. Ministers of religion = shall be=20 at liberty to correspond on matters concerning their = ministry with=20 the religious authorities in the country of detention and, = as far=20 as possible, with the international religious = organizations of=20 their faith. Such correspondence shall not be considered = as=20 forming a part of the quota mentioned in Article 107. It = shall,=20 however, be subject to the provisions of Article=20 112. When internees do = not have at=20 their disposal the assistance of ministers of their faith, = or=20 should these latter be too few in number, the local = religious=20 authorities of the same faith may appoint, in agreement = with the=20 Detaining Power, a minister of the internees' faith or, if = such a=20 course is feasible from a denominational point of view, a = minister=20 of similar religion or a qualified layman. The latter = shall enjoy=20 the facilities granted to the ministry he has assumed. = Persons so=20 appointed shall comply with all regulations laid down by = the=20 Detaining Power in the interests of discipline and=20 security. Art. 94. The = Detaining=20 Power shall encourage intellectual, educational and = recreational=20 pursuits, sports and games amongst internees, whilst = leaving them=20 free to take part in them or not. It shall take all = practicable=20 measures to ensure the exercice thereof, in particular by=20 providing suitable premises. All=20 possible facilities shall be granted to internees to = continue=20 their studies or to take up new subjects. The education of = children and young people shall be ensured; they shall be = allowed=20 to attend schools either within the place of internment or = outside. Internees shall = be given=20 opportunities for physical exercise, sports and outdoor = games. For=20 this purpose, sufficient open spaces shall be set aside in = all=20 places of internment. Special playgrounds shall be = reserved for=20 children and young people. Art. 95.=20 The Detaining Power shall not employ internees as workers, = unless=20 they so desire. Employment which, if undertaken under = compulsion=20 by a protected person not in internment, would involve a = breach of=20 Articles 40 or 51 of the present Convention, and = employment on=20 work which is of a degrading or humiliating character are = in any=20 case prohibited. After a = working=20 period of six weeks, internees shall be free to give up = work at=20 any moment, subject to eight days' = notice. These provisions constitute no obstacle to = the right of=20 the Detaining Power to employ interned doctors, dentists = and other=20 medical personnel in their professional capacity on behalf = of=20 their fellow internees, or to employ internees for = administrative=20 and maintenance work in places of internment and to detail = such=20 persons for work in the kitchens or for other domestic = tasks, or=20 to require such persons to undertake duties connected with = the=20 protection of internees against aerial bombardment or = other war=20 risks. No internee may, however, be required to perform = tasks for=20 which he is, in the opinion of a medical officer, = physically=20 unsuited. The Detaining = Power shall=20 take entire responsibility for all working conditions, for = medical=20 attention, for the payment of wages, and for ensuring that = all=20 employed internees receive compensation for occupational = accidents=20 and diseases. The standards prescribed for the said = working=20 conditions and for compensation shall be in accordance = with the=20 national laws and regulations, and with the existing = practice;=20 they shall in no case be inferior to those obtaining for = work of=20 the same nature in the same district. Wages for work done = shall be=20 determined on an equitable basis by special agreements = between the=20 internees, the Detaining Power, and, if the case arises, = employers=20 other than the Detaining Power to provide for free = maintenance of=20 internees and for the medical attention which their state = of=20 health may require. Internees permanently detailed for = categories=20 of work mentioned in the third paragraph of this Article, = shall be=20 paid fair wages by the Detaining Power. The working = conditions and=20 the scale of compensation for occupational accidents and = diseases=20 to internees, thus detailed, = shall not=20 be inferior to those applicable to work of the same nature = in the=20 same district. Art.96. = All labour=20 detachments shall remain part of and dependent upon a = place of=20 internment. The competent authorities of the Detaining = Power and=20 the commandant of a place of internment shall be = responsible for=20 the observance in a labour detachment of the provisions of = the=20 present Convention. The commandant shall keep an = up-to-date list=20 of the labour detachments subordinate to him and shall = communicate=20 it to the delegates of the Protecting Power, of the = International=20 Committee of the Red Cross and of other humanitarian = organizations=20 who may visit the places of = internment. Chapter VI. Personal Property and Financial = Resources=20 Art. 97. Internees shall = be=20 permitted to retain articles of personal use. Monies, = cheques,=20 bonds, etc., and valuables in their possession may not be = taken=20 from them except in accordance with established procedure. = Detailed receipts shall be given = therefor. The amounts shall be paid into the account of = every=20 internee as provided for in Article 98. Such amounts may = not be=20 converted into any other currency unless legislation in = force in=20 the territory in which the owner is interned so requires = or the=20 internee gives his consent. Articles which have above all a personal or = sentimental=20 value may not be taken away. A=20 woman internee shall not be searched except by a woman.=20 On release or = repatriation,=20 internees shall be given all articles, monies or other = valuables=20 taken from them during internment and shall receive in = currency=20 the balance of any credit to their accounts kept in = accordance=20 with Article 98, with the exception of any articles or = amounts=20 withheld by the Detaining Power by virtue of its = legislation in=20 force. If the property of an internee is so withheld, the = owner=20 shall receive a detailed receipt. Family or identity documents in the = possession of=20 internees may not be taken away without a receipt being = given. At=20 no time shall internees be left without identity = documents. If=20 they have none, they shall be issued with special = documents drawn=20 up by the detaining authorities, which will serve as their = identity papers until the end of their=20 internment. Internees may = keep on=20 their persons a certain amount of money, in cash or in the = shape=20 of purchase coupons, to enable them to make=20 purchases. Art. 98. All = internees=20 shall receive regular allowances, sufficient to enable = them to=20 purchase goods and articles, such as tobacco, toilet = requisites,=20 etc. Such allowances may take the form of credits or = purchase=20 coupons. Furthermore, = internees may=20 receive allowances from the Power to which they owe = allegiance,=20 the Protecting Powers, the organizations which may assist = them, or=20 their families, as well as the income on their property in = accordance with the law of the Detaining Power. The amount = of=20 allowances granted by the Power to which they o~e = allegiance shall=20 be the same for each category of internees (infirm, sick, = pregnant=20 women, etc.) but may not be allocated by that Power or = distributed=20 by the Detaining Power on the basis of discriminations = between=20 internees which are prohibited by Article 27 of the = present=20 Convention. The Detaining = Power=20 shall open a regular account for every internee, to which = shall be=20 credited the allowances named in the present Article, the = wages=20 earned and the remittances received, together with such = sums taken=20 from him as may be available under the legislation in = force in the=20 territory in which he is interned. Internees shall be = granted all=20 facilities consistent with the legislation in force in = such=20 territory to make remittances to their families and to = other=20 dependants. They may draw from their accounts the amounts=20 necessary for their personal expenses, within the limits = fixed by=20 the Detaining Power. They shall at all times be afforded=20 reasonable facilities for consulting and obtaining copies = of their=20 accounts. A statement of accounts shall be furnished to = the=20 Protecting Power, on request, and shall accompany the = internee in=20 case of transfer. Chapter = VII.=20 Administration and Discipline Art.=20 99. Every place of internment shall be put under the = authority of=20 a responsible officer, chosen from the regular military = forces or=20 the regular civil administration of the Detaining Power. = The=20 officer in charge of the place of internment must have in = his=20 possession a copy of the present Convention in the = official=20 language, or one of the official languages, of his country = and=20 shall be responsible for its application. The staff in = control of=20 internees shall be instructed in the provisions of the = present=20 Convention and of the administrative measures adopted to = ensure=20 its application. The text = of the=20 present Convention and the texts of special agreements = concluded=20 under the said Convention shall be posted inside the place = of=20 internment, in a language which the internees understand, = or shall=20 be in the possession of the Internee Committee.=20 Regulations, orders, = notices and=20 publications of every kind shall be communicated to the = internees=20 and posted inside the places of internment, in a language = which=20 they understand. Every = order and=20 command addressed to internees individually must, = likewise, be=20 given in a language which they = understand. Art. 100. The disciplinary regime in places = of=20 internment shall be consistent with humanitarian = principles, and=20 shall in no circumstances include regulations imposing on=20 internees any physical exertion dangerous to their health = or=20 involving physical or moral victimization. Identification = by=20 tattooing or imprinting signs or markings on the body, is=20 prohibited. In = particular,=20 prolonged standing and roll-calls, punishment drill, = military=20 drill and manoeuvres, or the reduction of food rations, = are=20 prohibited. Art. 101. = Internees=20 shall have the right to present to the authorities in = whose power=20 they are, any petition with regard to the conditions of = internment=20 to which they are subjected. They=20 shall also have the right to apply without restriction = through the=20 Internee Committee or, if they consider it necessary, = direct to=20 the representatives of the Protecting Power, in order to = indicate=20 to them any points on which they may have complaints to = make with=20 regard to the conditions of internment. = Such petitions and complaints shall be = transmitted=20 forthwith and without alteration, and even if the latter = are=20 recognized to be unfounded, they may not occasion any=20 punishment. Periodic = reports on the=20 situation in places of internment and as to the needs of = the=20 internees may be sent by the Internee Committees to the=20 representatives of the Protecting = Powers. Art. 102. In every place of internment, the = internees=20 shall freely elect by secret ballot every six months, the = members=20 of a Committee empowered to represent them before the = Detaining=20 and the Protecting Powers, the International Committee of = the Red=20 Cross and any other organization which may assist them. = The=20 members of the Committee shall be eligible for=20 re-election. Internees so = elected=20 shall enter upon their duties after their election has = been=20 approved by the detaining authorities. The reasons for any = refusals or dismissals shall be communicated to the = Protecting=20 Powers concerned. Art. = 103. The=20 Internee Committees shall further the physical, spiritual = and=20 intellectual well-being of the = internees. In case the internees decide, in particular, = to=20 organize a system of mutual assistance amongst themselves, = this=20 organization would be within the competence of the = Committees in=20 addition to the special duties entrusted to them under = other=20 provisions of the present Convention. Art. 104. Members of Internee Committees = shall not be=20 required to perform any other work, if the accomplishment = of their=20 duties is rendered more difficult = thereby. Members of Internee Committees may appoint = from amongst=20 the internees such assistants as they may require. All = material=20 facilities shall be granted to them, particularly a = certain=20 freedom of movement necessary for the accomplishment of = their=20 duties (visits to labour detachments, receipt of supplies, = etc.). All facilities = shall=20 likewise be accorded to members of Internee Committees for = communication by post and telegraph with the detaining=20 authorities, the Protecting Powers, the International = Committee of=20 the Red Cross and their delegates, and with the = organizations=20 which give assistance to internees. Committee members in = labour=20 detachments shall enjoy similar facilities for = communication with=20 their Internee Committee in the principal place of = internment.=20 Such communications shall not be limited, nor considered = as=20 forming a part of the quota mentioned in Article=20 107. Members of Internee = Committees=20 who are transferred shall be allowed a reasonable time to = acquaint=20 their successors with current = affairs. Chaper VIII. Relations with the=20 Exterior Art. 105. = Immediately upon=20 interning protected persons, the Detaining Powers shall = inform=20 them, the Power to which they owe allegiance and their = Protecting=20 Power of the measures taken for executing the provisions = of the=20 present Chapter. The Detaining Powers shall likewise = inform the=20 Parties concerned of any subsequent modifications of such=20 measures. Art. 106. As = soon as he=20 is interned, or at the latest not more than one week after = his=20 arrival in a place of internment, and likewise in cases of = sickness or transfer to another place of internment or to = a=20 hospital, every internee shall be enabled to send direct = to his=20 family, on the one hand, and to the Central Agency = provided for by=20 Article 140, on the other, an internment card similar, if=20 possible, to the model annexed to the present Convention,=20 informing his relatives of his detention, address and = state of=20 health. The said cards shall be forwarded as rapidly as = possible=20 and may not be delayed in any way. Art. 107. Internees shall be allowed to send = and=20 receive letters and cards. If the Detaining Power deems it = necessary to limit the number of letters and cards sent by = each=20 internee, the said number shall not be less than two = letters and=20 four cards monthly; these shall be drawn up so as to = conform as=20 closely as possible to the models annexed to the present=20 Convention. If limitations must be placed on the = correspondence=20 addressed to internees, they may be ordered only by the = Power to=20 which such internees owe allegiance, possibly at the = request of=20 the Detaining Power. Such letters and cards must be = conveyed with=20 reasonable despatch; they may not be delayed or retained = for=20 disciplinary reasons. Internees who=20 have been a long time without news, or who find it = impossible to=20 receive news from their relatives, or to give them news by = the=20 ordinary postal route, as well as those who are at a = considerable=20 distance from their homes, shall be allowed to send = telegrams, the=20 charges being paid by them in the currency at their = disposal. They=20 shall likewise benefit by this provision in cases which = are=20 recognized to be urgent. As a rule,=20 internees' mail shall be written in their own language. = The=20 Parties to the conflict may authorize correspondence in = other=20 languages. Art. 108. = Internees=20 shall be allowed to receive, by post or by any other = means,=20 individual parcels or collective shipments containing in=20 particular foodstuffs, clothing, medical supplies, as well = as=20 books and objects of a devotional, educational or = recreational=20 character which may meet their needs. Such shipments shall = in no=20 way free the Detaining Power from the obligations imposed = upon it=20 by virtue of the present Convention. Should military necessity require the = quantity of such=20 shipments to be limited, due notice thereof shall be given = to the=20 Protecting Power and to the International Committee of the = Red=20 Cross, or to any other organization giving assistance to = the=20 internees and responsible for the forwarding of such=20 shipments. The conditions = for the=20 sending of individual parcels and collective shipments = shall, if=20 necessary, be the subject of special agreements between = the Powers=20 concerned, which may in no case delay the receipt by the = internees=20 of relief supplies. Parcels of clothing and foodstuffs may = not=20 include books. Medical relief supplies shall, as a rule, = be sent=20 in collective parcels. Art. 109. In=20 the absence of special agreements between Parties to the = conflict=20 regarding the conditions for the receipt and distribution = of=20 collective relief shipments, the regulations concerning = collective=20 relief which are annexed to the present Convention shall = be=20 applied. The special = agreements=20 provided for above shall in no case restrict the right of = Internee=20 Committees to take possession of collective relief = shipments=20 intended for internees, to undertake their distribution = and to=20 dispose of them in the interests of the recipients. Nor = shall such=20 agreements restrict the right of representatives of the = Protecting=20 Powers, the International Committee of the Red Cross, or = any other=20 organization giving assistance to internees and = responsible for=20 the forwarding of collective shipments, to supervise their = distribution to the recipients. Art. 110. An relief shipments for internees = shall be=20 exempt from import, customs and other = dues. All matter sent by mail, including relief = parcels sent=20 by parcel post and remittances of money, addressed from = other=20 countries to internees or despatched by them through the = post=20 office, either direct or through the Information Bureaux = provided=20 for in Article 136 and the Central Information Agency = provided for=20 in Article 140, shall be exempt from all postal dues both = in the=20 countries of origin and destination and in intermediate = countries.=20 To this end, in particular, the exemption provided by the=20 Universal Postal Convention of 1947 and by the agreements = of the=20 Universal Postal Union in favour of civilians of enemy = nationality=20 detained in camps or civilian prisons, shall be extended = to the=20 other interned persons protected by the present = Convention. The=20 countries not signatory to the above-mentioned agreements = shall be=20 bound to grant freedom from charges in the same=20 circumstances. The cost = of=20 transporting relief shipments which are intended for = internees and=20 which, by reason of their weight or any other cause, = cannot be=20 sent through the post office, shall be borne by the = Detaining=20 Power in all the territories under its control. Other = Powers which=20 are Parties to the present Convention shall bear the cost = of=20 transport in their respective = territories. Costs connected with the transport of such = shipments,=20 which are not covered by the above paragraphs, shall be = charged to=20 the senders. The High = Contracting=20 Parties shall endeavour to reduce, so far as possible, the = charges=20 for telegrams sent by internees, or addressed to=20 them. Art. 111. Should = military=20 operations prevent the Powers concerned from fulfilling = their=20 obligation to ensure the conveyance of the mail and relief = shipments provided for in Articles 106, 107, 108 and 113, = the=20 Protecting Powers concerned, the International Committee = of the=20 Red Cross or any other organization duly approved by the = Parties=20 to the conflict may undertake the conveyance of such = shipments by=20 suitable means (rail, motor vehicles, vessels or aircraft, = etc.).=20 For this purpose, the High Contracting Parties shall = endeavour to=20 supply them with such transport, and to allow its = circulation,=20 especially by granting the necessary=20 safe-conducts. Such = transport may=20 also be used to convey: (a)=20 correspondence, lists and reports exchanged between the = Central=20 Information Agency referred to in Article 140 and the = National=20 Bureaux referred to in Article 136; (b)=20 correspondence and reports relating to internees which the = Protecting Powers, the International Committee of the Red = Cross or=20 any other organization assisting the internees exchange = either=20 with their own delegates or with the Parties to the=20 conflict. These = provisions in no=20 way detract from the right of any Party to the conflict to = arrange=20 other means of transport if it should so prefer, nor = preclude the=20 granting of safe-conducts, under mutually agreed = conditions, to=20 such means of transport. The costs=20 occasioned by the use of such means of transport shall be = borne,=20 in proportion to the importance of the shipments, by the = Parties=20 to the conflict whose nationals are benefited=20 thereby. Art. 112. The = censoring of=20 correspondence addressed to internees or despatched by = them shall=20 be done as quickly as possible. The=20 examination of consignments intended for internees shall = not be=20 carried out under conditions that will expose the goods = contained=20 in them to deterioration. It shall be done in the presence = of the=20 addressee, or of a fellow-internee duly delegated by him. = The=20 delivery to internees of individual or collective = consignments=20 shall not be delayed under the pretext of difficulties of=20 censorship. Any = prohibition of=20 correspondence ordered by the Parties to the conflict = either for=20 military or political reasons, shall be only temporary and = its=20 duration shall be as short as = possible. Art. 113. The Detaining Powers shall provide = all=20 reasonable execution facilities for the transmission, = through the=20 Protecting Power or the Central Agency provided for in = Article=20 140, or as otherwise required, of wills, powers of = attorney,=20 letters of authority, or any other documents intended for=20 internees or despatched by them. In=20 all cases the Detaining Powers shall facilitate the = execution and=20 authentication in due legal form of such documents on = behalf of=20 internees, in particular by allowing them to consult a=20 lawyer. Art. 114. The = Detaining=20 Power shall afford internees all facilities to enable them = to=20 manage their property, provided this is not incompatible = with the=20 conditions of internment and the law which is applicable. = For this=20 purpose, the said Power may give them permission to leave = the=20 place of internment in urgent cases and if circumstances=20 allow. Art. 115. In all = cases where=20 an internee is a party to proceedings in any court, the = Detaining=20 Power shall, if he so requests, cause the court to be = informed of=20 his detention and shall, within legal limits, ensure that = all=20 necessary steps are taken to prevent him from being in any = way=20 prejudiced, by reason of his internment, as regards the=20 preparation and conduct of his case or as regards the = execution of=20 any judgment of the court. Art.116.=20 Every internee shall be allowed to receive visitors, = especially=20 near relatives, at regular intervals and as frequently as=20 possible. As far as is = possible,=20 internees shall be permitted to visit their homes in = urgent cases,=20 particularly in cases of death or serious illness of=20 relatives. Chapter = IX. Penal=20 and Disciplinary Sanctions Art.=20 117. Subject to the provisions of the present Chapter, the = laws in=20 force in the territory in which they are detained will = continue to=20 apply to internees who commit offences during=20 internment. If general = laws,=20 regulations or orders declare acts committed by internees = to be=20 punishable, whereas the same acts are not punishable when=20 committed by persons who are not internees, such acts = shall entail=20 disciplinary punishments only. No=20 internee may be punished more than once for the same act, = or on=20 the same count. Art. 118. = The=20 courts or authorities shall in passing sentence take as = far as=20 possible into account the fact that the defendant is not a = national of the Detaining Power. They shall be free to = reduce the=20 penalty prescribed for the offence with which the internee = is=20 charged and shall not be obliged, to this end, to apply = the=20 minimum sentence prescribed. Imprisonment in premises without daylight, = and, in=20 general, all forms of cruelty without exception are=20 forbidden. Internees who = have=20 served disciplinary or judicial sentences shall not be = treated=20 differently from other internees. The duration of preventive detention = undergone by an=20 internee shall be deducted from any disciplinary or = judicial=20 penalty involving confinement to which he may be=20 sentenced. Internee = Committees=20 shall be informed of all judicial proceedings instituted = against=20 internees whom they represent, and of their=20 result. Art. 119. The = disciplinary=20 punishments applicable to internees shall be the = following:=20 (1) a fine which shall = not exceed=20 50 per cent of the wages which the internee would = otherwise=20 receive under the provisions of Article 95 during a period = of not=20 more than thirty days. (2)=20 discontinuance of privileges granted over and above the = treatment=20 provided for by the present Convention (3) fatigue duties, not exceeding two hours = daily, in=20 connection with the maintenance of the place of=20 internment. (4)=20 confinement. = In no case shall disciplinary penalties be = inhuman,=20 brutal or dangerous for the health of internees. Account = shall be=20 taken of the internee's age, sex and state of=20 health. The duration of = any single=20 punishment shall in no case exceed a maximum of thirty = consecutive=20 days, even if the internee is answerable for several = breaches of=20 discipline when his case is dealt with, whether such = breaches are=20 connected or not. Art. = 120.=20 Internees who are recaptured after having escaped or when=20 attempting to escape, shall be liable only to disciplinary = punishment in respect of this act, even if it is a = repeated=20 offence. Article 118, = paragraph 3,=20 notwithstanding, internees punished as a result of escape = or=20 attempt to escape, may be subjected to special = surveillance, on=20 condition that such surveillance does not affect the state = of=20 their health, that it is exercised in a place of = internment and=20 that it does not entail the abolition of any of the = safeguards=20 granted by the present Convention. Internees who aid and abet an escape or = attempt to=20 escape, shall be liable on this count to disciplinary = punishment=20 only. Art. 121. Escape, = or attempt=20 to escape, even if it is a repeated offence, shall not be = deemed=20 an aggravating circumstance in cases where an internee is=20 prosecuted for offences committed during his=20 escape. The Parties to = the conflict=20 shall ensure that the competent authorities exercise = leniency in=20 deciding whether punishment inflicted for an offence shall = be of a=20 disciplinary or judicial nature, especially in respect of = acts=20 committed in connection with an escape, whether successful = or=20 not. Art. 122. Acts which = constitute offences against discipline shall be = investigated=20 immediately. This rule shall be applied, in particular, in = cases=20 of escape or attempt to escape. Recaptured internees shall = be=20 handed over to the competent authorities as soon as=20 possible. In cases of = offences=20 against discipline, confinement awaiting trial shall be = reduced to=20 an absolute minimum for all internees, and shall not = exceed=20 fourteen days. Its duration shall in any case be deducted = from any=20 sentence of confinement. The=20 provisions of Articles 124 and 125 shall apply to = internees who=20 are in confinement awaiting trial for offences against=20 discipline. Art. 123. = Without=20 prejudice to the competence of courts and higher = authorities,=20 disciplinary punishment may be ordered only by the = commandant of=20 the place of internment, or by a responsible officer or = official=20 who replaces him, or to whom he has delegated his = disciplinary=20 powers. Before any = disciplinary=20 punishment is awarded, the accused internee shall be given = precise=20 information regarding the offences of which he is accused, = and=20 given an opportunity of explaining his conduct and of = defending=20 himself. He shall be permitted, in particular, to call = witnesses=20 and to have recourse, if necessary, to the services of a = qualified=20 interpreter. The decision shall be announced in the = presence of=20 the accused and of a member of the Internee=20 Committee. The period = elapsing=20 between the time of award of a disciplinary punishment and = its=20 execution shall not exceed one month. When an internee is awarded a further = disciplinary=20 punishment, a period of at least three days shall elapse = between=20 the execution of any two of the punishments, if the = duration of=20 one of these is ten days or more. A=20 record of disciplinary punishments shall be maintained by = the=20 commandant of the place of internment and shall be open to = inspection by representatives of the Protecting=20 Power. Art. 124. = Internees shall=20 not in any case be transferred to penitentiary = establishments=20 (prisons, penitentiaries, convict prisons, etc.) to = undergo=20 disciplinary punishment therein. The premises in which disciplinary = punishments are=20 undergone shall conform to = sanitary=20 requirements: they shall in particular be provided with = adequate=20 bedding. Internees undergoing punishment shall be enabled = to keep=20 themselves in a state of cleanliness. Women internees undergoing disciplinary = punishment=20 shall be confined in separate quarters from male internees = and=20 shall be under the immediate supervision of=20 women. Art. 125. = Internees awarded=20 disciplinary punishment shall be allowed to exercise and = to stay=20 in the open air at least two hours = daily. They shall be allowed, if they so request, to = be=20 present at the daily medical inspections. They shall = receive the=20 attention which their state of health requires and, if = necessary,=20 shall be removed to the infirmary of the place of = internment or to=20 a hospital. They shall = have=20 permission to read and write, likewise to send and receive = letters. Parcels and remittances of money, however, may be = withheld from them until the completion of their = punishment; such=20 consignments shall meanwhile be entrusted to the Internee=20 Committee, who will hand over to the infirmary the = perishable=20 goods contained in the parcels. No=20 internee given a disciplinary punishment may be deprived = of the=20 benefit of the provisions of Articles 107 and 143 of the = present=20 Convention. Art. 126. The = provisions of Articles 71 to 76 inclusive shall apply, by = analogy,=20 to proceedings against internees who are in the national = territory=20 of the Detaining Power. Chapter X.=20 Transfers of Internees Art. 127.=20 The transfer of internees shall always be effected = humanely. As a=20 general rule, it shall be carried out by rail or other = means of=20 transport, and under conditions at least equal to those = obtaining=20 for the forces of the Detaining Power in their changes of = station.=20 If, as an exceptional measure, such removals have to be = effected=20 on foot, they may not take place unless the internees are = in a fit=20 state of health, and may not in any case expose them to = excessive=20 fatigue. The Detaining = Power shall=20 supply internees during transfer with drinking water and = food=20 sufficient in quantity, quality and variety to maintain = them in=20 good health, and also with the necessary clothing, = adequate=20 shelter and the necessary medical attention. The Detaining = Power=20 shall take all suitable precautions to ensure their safety = during=20 transfer, and shall establish before their departure a = complete=20 list of all internees transferred. Sick, wounded or infirm internees and = maternity cases=20 shall not be transferred if the journey would be seriously = detrimental to them, unless their safety imperatively so = demands.=20 If the combat zone draws = close to=20 a place of internment, the internees in the said place = shall not=20 be transferred unless their removal can be carried out in = adequate=20 conditions of safety, or unless they are exposed to = greater risks=20 by remaining on the spot than by being=20 transferred. When making = decisions=20 regarding the transfer of internees, the Detaining Power = shall=20 take their interests into account and, in particular, = shall not do=20 anything to increase the difficulties of repatriating them = or=20 returning them to their own homes. Art. 128. In the event of transfer, internees = shall be=20 officially advised of their departure and of their new = postal=20 address. Such notification shall be given in time for them = to pack=20 their luggage and inform their next of = kin. They shall be allowed to take with them their = personal=20 effects, and the correspondence and parcels which have = arrived for=20 them. The weight of such baggage may be limited if the = conditions=20 of transfer so require, but in no case to less than = twenty-five=20 kilograms per internee. Mail and=20 parcels addressed to their former place of internment = shall be=20 forwarded to them without delay. The commandant of the place of internment = shall take,=20 in agreement with the Internee Committee, any measures = needed to=20 ensure the transport of the internees' community property = and of=20 the luggage the internees are unable to take with them in=20 consequence of restrictions imposed by virtue of the = second=20 paragraph. Chapter XI.=20 Deaths Art. 129. The = wills of=20 internees shall be received for safe-keeping by the = responsible=20 authorities; and if the event of the death of an internee = his will=20 shall be transmitted without delay to a person whom he has = previously designated. Deaths of=20 internees shall be certified in every case by a doctor, = and a=20 death certificate shall be made out, showing the causes of = death=20 and the conditions under which it occurred. = An official record of the death, duly = registered, shall=20 be drawn up in accordance with the procedure relating = thereto in=20 force in the territory where the place of internment is = situated,=20 and a duly certified copy of such record shall be = transmitted=20 without delay to the Protecting Power as well as to the = Central=20 Agency referred to in Article 140. Art. 130. The detaining authorities shall = ensure that=20 internees who die while interned are honourably buried, if = possible according to the rites of the religion to which = they=20 belonged and that their graves are respected, properly = maintained,=20 and marked in such a way that they can always be=20 recognized. Deceased = internees=20 shall be buried in individual graves unless unavoidable=20 circumstances require the use of collective graves. Bodies = may be=20 cremated only for imperative reasons of hygiene, on = account of the=20 religion of the deceased or in accordance with his = expressed wish=20 to this effect. In case of cremation, the fact shall be = stated and=20 the reasons given in the death certificate of the = deceased. The=20 ashes shall be retained for safe-keeping by the detaining=20 authorities and shall be transferred as soon as possible = to the=20 next of kin on their request. As=20 soon as circumstances permit, and not later than the close = of=20 hostilities, the Detaining Power shall forward lists of = graves of=20 deceased internees to the Powers on whom deceased = internees=20 depended, through the Information Bureaux provided for in = Article=20 136. Such lists shall include all particulars necessary = for the=20 identification of the deceased internees, as well as the = exact=20 location of their graves. Art. 131.=20 Every death or serious injury of an internee, caused or = suspected=20 to have been caused by a sentry, another internee or any = other=20 person, as well as any death the cause of which is = unknown, shall=20 be immediately followed by an official enquiry by the = Detaining=20 Power. A communication on = this=20 subject shall be sent immediately to the Protecting Power. = The=20 evidence of any witnesses shall be taken, and a report = including=20 such evidence shall be prepared and forwarded to the said=20 Protecting Power. If the = enquiry=20 indicates the guilt of one or more persons, the Detaining = Power=20 shall take all necessary steps to ensure the prosecution = of the=20 person or persons responsible. Chapter XIII. Release, Repatriation and = Accommodation=20 in Neutral Countries Art. = 132. Each=20 interned person shall be released by the Detaining Power = as soon=20 as the reasons which necessitated his internment no longer = exist. The Parties to the = conflict=20 shall, moreover, endeavour during the course of = hostilities, to=20 conclude agreements for the release, the repatriation, the = return=20 to places of residence or the accommodation in a neutral = country=20 of certain classes of internees, in particular children, = pregnant=20 women and mothers with infants and young children, wounded = and=20 sick, and internees who have been detained for a long=20 time. Art. 133. = Internment shall=20 cease as soon as possible after the close of hostilities.=20 Internees in the = territory of a=20 Party to the conflict against whom penal proceedings are = pending=20 for offences not exclusively subject to disciplinary = penalties,=20 may be detained until the close of such proceedings and, = if=20 circumstances require, until the completion of the = penalty. The=20 same shall apply to internees who have been previously = sentenced=20 to a punishment depriving them of = liberty. By agreement between the Detaining Power and = the Powers=20 concerned, committees may be set up after the close of=20 hostilities, or of the occupation of territories, to = search for=20 dispersed internees. Art. = 134. The=20 High Contracting Parties shall endeavour, upon the close = of=20 hostilities or occupation, to ensure the return of all = internees=20 to their last place of residence, or to facilitate their=20 repatriation. Art. 135. = The=20 Detaining Power shall bear the expense of returning = released=20 internees to the places where they were residing when = interned,=20 or, if it took them into custody while they were in = transit or on=20 the high seas, the cost of completing their journey or of = their=20 return to their point of departure. Where a Detaining Power refuses permission to = reside in=20 its territory to a released internee who previously had = his=20 permanent domicile therein, such Detaining Power shall pay = the=20 cost of the said internee's repatriation. If, however, the = internee elects to return to his country on his own = responsibility=20 or in obedience to the Government of the Power to which he = owes=20 allegiance, the Detaining Power need not pay the expenses = of his=20 journey beyond the point of his departure from its = territory. The=20 Detaining Power need not pay the cost of repatriation of = an=20 internee who was interned at his own = request. If internees are transferred in accordance = with Article=20 45, the transferring and receiving Powers shall agree on = the=20 portion of the above costs to be borne by=20 each. The foregoing shall = not=20 prejudice such special agreements as may be concluded = between=20 Parties to the conflict concerning the exchange and = repatriation=20 of their nationals in enemy hands. Section V. Information Bureaux and Central=20 Agency Art. 136. Upon the = outbreak=20 of a conflict and in all cases of occupation, each of the = Parties=20 to the conflict shall establish an official Information = Bureau=20 responsible for receiving and transmitting information in = respect=20 of the protected persons who are in its = power. Each of the Parties to the conflict shall, = within the=20 shortest possible period, give its Bureau information of = any=20 measure taken by it concerning any protected persons who = are kept=20 in custody for more than two weeks, who are subjected to = assigned=20 residence or who are interned. It shall, furthermore, = require its=20 various departments concerned with such matters to provide = the=20 aforesaid Bureau promptly with information concerning all = changes=20 pertaining to these protected persons, as, for example, = transfers,=20 releases, repatriations, escapes, admittances to = hospitals, births=20 and deaths. Art. 137. = Each national=20 Bureau shall immediately forward information concerning = protected=20 persons by the most rapid means to the Powers in whose = territory=20 they resided, through the intermediary of the Protecting = Powers=20 and likewise through the Central Agency provided for in = Article=20 140. The Bureaux shall also reply to all enquiries which = may be=20 received regarding protected persons. Information Bureaux shall transmit = information=20 concerning a protected person unless its transmission = might be=20 detrimental to the person concerned or to his or her = relatives.=20 Even in such a case, the information may not be withheld = from the=20 Central Agency which, upon being notified of the = circumstances,=20 will take the necessary precautions indicated in Article=20 140. All communications = in writing=20 made by any Bureau shall be authenticated by a signature = or a=20 seal. Art. 138. The = information=20 received by the national Bureau and transmitted by it = shall be of=20 such a character as to make it possible to identify the = protected=20 person exactly and to advise his next of kin quickly. The=20 information in respect of each person shall include at = least his=20 surname, first names, place and date of birth, nationality = last=20 residence and distinguishing characteristics, the first = name of=20 the father and the maiden name of the mother, the date, = place and=20 nature of the action taken with regard to the individual, = the=20 address at which correspondence may be sent to him and the = name=20 and address of the person to be = informed. Likewise, information regarding the state of = health of=20 internees who are seriously ill or seriously wounded shall = be=20 supplied regularly and if possible every = week. Art. 139. Each national Information Bureau = shall,=20 furthermore, be responsible for collecting all personal = valuables=20 left by protected persons mentioned in Article 136, in = particular=20 those who have been repatriated or released, or who have = escaped=20 or died; it shall forward the said valuables to those = concerned,=20 either direct, or, if necessary, through the Central = Agency. Such=20 articles shall be sent by the Bureau in sealed packets = which shall=20 be accompanied by statements giving clear and full = identity=20 particulars of the person to whom the articles belonged, = and by a=20 complete list of the contents of the parcel. Detailed = records=20 shall be maintained of the receipt and despatch of all = such=20 valuables. Art. 140. A = Central=20 Information Agency for protected persons, in particular = for=20 internees, shall be created in a neutral country. The=20 International Committee of the Red Cross shall, if it = deems=20 necessary, propose to the Powers concerned the = organization of=20 such an Agency, which may be the same as that provided for = in=20 Article 123 of the Geneva Convention relative to the = Treatment of=20 Prisoners of War of 12 August 1949. The function of the Agency shall be to = collect all=20 information of the type set forth in Article 136 which it = may=20 obtain through official or private channels and to = transmit it as=20 rapidly as possible to the countries of origin or of = residence of=20 the persons concerned, except in cases where such = transmissions=20 might be detrimental to the persons whom the said = information=20 concerns, or to their relatives. It shall receive from the = Parties=20 to the conflict all reasonable facilities for effecting = such=20 transmissions. The High = Contracting=20 Parties, and in particular those whose nationals benefit = by the=20 services of the Central Agency, are requested to give the = said=20 Agency the financial aid it may = require. The foregoing provisions shall in no way be = interpreted=20 as restricting the humanitarian activities of the = International=20 Committee of the Red Cross and of the relief Societies = described=20 in Article 142. Art. 141. = The=20 national Information Bureaux and the Central Information = Agency=20 shall enjoy free postage for all mail, likewise the = exemptions=20 provided for in Article 110, and further, so far as = possible,=20 exemption from telegraphic charges or, at least, greatly = reduced=20 rates. Part IV. = Execution of=20 the Convention Section I. = General=20 Provisions Art. 142. = Subject to the=20 measures which the Detaining Powers may consider essential = to=20 ensure their security or to meet any other reasonable = need, the=20 representatives of religious organizations, relief = societies, or=20 any other organizations assisting the protected persons, = shall=20 receive from these Powers, for themselves or their duly = accredited=20 agents, all facilities for visiting the protected persons, = for=20 distributing relief supplies and material from any source, = intended for educational, recreational or religious = purposes, or=20 for assisting them in organizing their leisure time within = the=20 places of internment. Such societies or organizations may = be=20 constituted in the territory of the Detaining Power, or in = any=20 other country, or they may have an international=20 character. The Detaining = Power may=20 limit the number of societies and organizations whose = delegates=20 are allowed to carry out their activities in its territory = and=20 under its supervision, on condition, however, that such = limitation=20 shall not hinder the supply of effective and adequate = relief to=20 all protected persons. The special=20 position of the International Committee of the Red Cross = in this=20 field shall be recognized and respected at all=20 times. Art. 143. = Representatives or=20 delegates of the Protecting Powers shall have permission = to go to=20 all places where protected persons are, particularly to = places of=20 internment, detention and work. They shall have access to all premises = occupied by=20 protected persons and shall be able to interview the = latter=20 without witnesses, personally or through an=20 interpreter. Such visits = may not be=20 prohibited except for reasons of imperative military = necessity,=20 and then only as an exceptional and temporary measure. = Their=20 duration and frequency shall not be=20 restricted. Such = representatives=20 and delegates shall have full liberty to select the places = they=20 wish to visit. The Detaining or Occupying Power, the = Protecting=20 Power and when occasion arises the Power of origin of the = persons=20 to be visited, may agree that compatriots of the internees = shall=20 be permitted to participate in the = visits. The delegates of the International Committee = of the Red=20 Cross shall also enjoy the above prerogatives. The = appointment of=20 such delegates shall be submitted to the approval of the = Power=20 governing the territories where they will carry out their=20 duties. Art. 144. The = High=20 Contracting Parties undertake, in time of peace as in time = of war,=20 to disseminate the text of the present Convention as = widely as=20 possible in their respective countries, and, in = particular, to=20 include the study thereof in their programmes of military = and, if=20 possible, civil instruction, so that the principles = thereof may=20 become known to the entire population. Any civilian, military, police or other = authorities,=20 who in time of war assume responsibilities in respect of = protected=20 persons, must possess the text of the Convention and be = specially=20 instructed as to its provisions. Art. 145. The High Contracting Parties shall=20 communicate to one another through the Swiss Federal = Council and,=20 during hostilities, through the Protecting Powers, the = official=20 translations of the present Convention, as well as the = laws and=20 regulations which they may adopt to ensure the application = thereof. Art. 146. The = High=20 Contracting Parties undertake to enact any legislation = necessary=20 to provide effective penal sanctions for persons = committing, or=20 ordering to be committed, any of the grave breaches of the = present=20 Convention defined in the following = Article. Each High Contracting Party shall be under = the=20 obligation to search for persons alleged to have = committed, or to=20 have ordered to be committed, such grave breaches, and = shall bring=20 such persons, regardless of their nationality, before its = own=20 courts. It may also, if it prefers, and in accordance with = the=20 provisions of its own legislation, hand such persons over = for=20 trial to another High Contracting Party concerned, = provided such=20 High Contracting Party has made out a prima facie=20 case. Each High = Contracting Party=20 shall take measures necessary for the suppression of all = acts=20 contrary to the provisions of the present Convention other = than=20 the grave breaches defined in the following=20 Article. In all = circumstances, the=20 accused persons shall benefit by safeguards of proper = trial and=20 defence, which shall not be less favourable than those = provided by=20 Article 105 and those following of the Geneva Convention = relative=20 to the Treatment of Prisoners of War of 12 August 1949.=20 Art. 147. Grave breaches = to which=20 the preceding Article relates shall be those involving any = of the=20 following acts, if committed against persons = or property protected by the present Convention: = wilful=20 killing, torture or inhuman treatment, including = biological=20 experiments, wilfully causing great suffering or serious = injury to=20 body or health, unlawful deportation or transfer or = unlawful=20 confinement of a protected person, compelling a protected = person=20 to serve in the forces of a hostile Power, or wilfully = depriving a=20 protected person of the rights of fair and regular trial=20 prescribed in the present Convention, taking of hostages = and=20 extensive destruction and appropriation of property, not = justified=20 by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and=20 wantonly. Art. 148. No = High=20 Contracting Party shall be allowed to absolve itself or = any other=20 High Contracting Party of any liability incurred by itself = or by=20 another High Contracting Party in respect of breaches = referred to=20 in the preceding Article. Art. 149.=20 At the request of a Party to the conflict, an enquiry = shall be=20 instituted, in a manner to be decided between the = interested=20 Parties, concerning any alleged violation of the=20 Convention. If agreement = has not=20 been reached concerning the procedure for the enquiry, the = Parties=20 should agree on the choice of an umpire who will decide = upon the=20 procedure to be followed. Once the=20 violation has been established, the Parties to the = conflict shall=20 put an end to it and shall repress it with the least = possible=20 delay. Section II. Final=20 Provisions Art. 150. The = present=20 Convention is established in English and in French. Both = texts are=20 equally authentic. The = Swiss=20 Federal Council shall arrange for official translations of = the=20 Convention to be made in the Russian and Spanish=20 languages. Art. 151. The = present=20 Convention, which bears the date of this day, is open to = signature=20 until 12 February 1950, in the name of the Powers = represented at=20 the Conference which opened at Geneva on 21 April=20 1949. Art. 152. The = present=20 Convention shall be ratified as soon as possible and the=20 ratifications shall be deposited at = Berne. A record shall be drawn up of the deposit of = each=20 instrument of ratification and certified copies of this = record=20 shall be transmitted by the Swiss Federal Council to all = the=20 Powers in whose name the Convention has been signed, or = whose=20 accession has been notified. Art.=20 153. The present Convention shall come into force six = months after=20 not less than two instruments of ratification have been=20 deposited. Thereafter, it = shall=20 come into force for each High Contracting Party six months = after=20 the deposit of the instrument of = ratification. Art. 154. In the relations between the Powers = who are=20 bound by the Hague Conventions respecting the Laws and = Customs of=20 War on Land, whether that of 29 July 1899, or that of 18 = October=20 1907, and who are parties to the present Convention, this = last=20 Convention shall be supplementary to Sections II and III = of the=20 Regulations annexed to the above-mentioned Conventions of = The=20 Hague. Art. 155. From the = date of=20 its coming into force, it shall be open to any Power in = whose name=20 the present Convention has not been signed, to accede to = this=20 Convention. Art. 156. = Accessions=20 shall be notified in writing to the Swiss Federal Council, = and=20 shall take effect six months after the date on which they = are=20 received. The Swiss = Federal=20 Council shall communicate the accessions to all the Powers = in=20 whose name the Convention has been signed, or whose = accession has=20 been notified. Art. 157. = The=20 situations provided for in Articles 2 and 3 shall = effective=20 immediate effect to ratifications deposited and accessions = notified by the Parties to the conflict before or after = the=20 beginning of hostilities or occupation. The Swiss Federal = Council=20 shall communicate by the quickest method any ratifications = or=20 accessions received from Parties to the=20 conflict. Art. 158. Each = of the=20 High Contracting Parties shall be at liberty to denounce = the=20 present Convention. The=20 denunciation shall be notified in writing to the Swiss = Federal=20 Council, which shall transmit it to the Governments of all = the=20 High Contracting Parties. The=20 denunciation shall take effect one year after the = notification=20 thereof has been made to the Swiss Federal Council. = However, a=20 denunciation of which notification has been made at a time = when=20 the denouncing Power is involved in a conflict shall not = take=20 effect until peace has been concluded, and until after = operations=20 connected with the release, repatriation and = re-establishment of=20 the persons protected by the present Convention have been=20 terminated. The = denunciation shall=20 have effect only in respect of the denouncing Power. It = shall in=20 no way impair the obligations which the Parties to the = conflict=20 shall remain bound to fulfil by virtue of the principles = of the=20 law of nations, as they result from the usages established = among=20 civilized peoples, from the laws of humanity and the = dictates of=20 the public conscience. Art. 159.=20 The Swiss Federal Council shall register the present = Convention=20 with the Secretariat of the United Nations. The Swiss = Federal=20 Council shall also inform the Secretariat of the United = Nations of=20 all ratifications, accessions and denunciations received = by it=20 with respect to the present = Convention. In witness whereof the undersigned, having = deposited=20 their respective full powers, have signed the present=20 Convention. Done at = Geneva this=20 twelfth day of August 1949, in the English and French = languages.=20 The original shall be deposited in the Archives of the = Swiss=20 Confederation. The Swiss Federal Council shall transmit = certified=20 copies thereof to each of the signatory and acceding=20 States. Annex I. Draft = Agreement=20 Relating to Hospital and Safety Zones and=20 Localities Art. 1. = Hospital and=20 safety zones shall be strictly reserved for the persons = mentioned=20 in Article 23 of the Geneva Convention for the = Amelioration of the=20 Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the = Field of=20 12 August 1949, and in Article 14 of the Geneva Convention = relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of = War of=20 12 August 1949, and for the personnel entrusted with the=20 organization and administration of these zones and = localities, and=20 with the care of the persons therein=20 assembled. Nevertheless, = persons=20 whose permanent residence is within such zones shall have = the=20 right to stay there. Art. = 2. No=20 persons residing, in whatever capacity, in a hospital and = safety=20 zone shall perform any work, either within or without the = zone,=20 directly connected with military operations or the = production of=20 war material. Art. 3. The = Power=20 establishing a hospital and safety zone shall take all = necessary=20 measures to prohibit access to all persons who have no = right of=20 residence or entry therein. Art. 4.=20 Hospital and safety zones shall fulfil the following = conditions:=20 (a) they shall comprise = only a=20 small part of the territory governed by the Power which = has=20 established them (b) they = shall be=20 thinly populated in relation to the possibilities of=20 accommodation (c) they shall = be far=20 removed and free from all military objectives, or large = industrial=20 or administrative establishments (d)=20 they shall not be situated in areas which, according to = every=20 probability, may become important for the conduct of the = war.=20 Art. 5. Hospital and = safety zones=20 shall be subject to the following obligations: = (a) the lines of communication and means of = transport=20 which they possess shall not be used for the transport of = military=20 personnel or material, even in transit (b) they shall in no case be defended by = military=20 means. Art. 6. Hospital = and safety=20 zones shall be marked by means of oblique red bands on a = white=20 ground, placed on the buildings and outer=20 precincts. Zones reserved = exclusively for the wounded and sick may be marked by = means of the=20 Red Cross (Red Crescent, Red Lion and Sun) emblem on a = white=20 ground. They may be = similarly=20 marked at night by means of appropriate=20 illumination. Art. 7. The = Powers=20 shall communicate to all the High Contracting Parties in = peacetime=20 or on the outbreak of hostilities, a list of the hospital = and=20 safety zones in the territories governed by them. They = shall also=20 give notice of any new zones set up during=20 hostilities. As soon as = the adverse=20 party has received the above-mentioned notification, the = zone=20 shall be regularly established. If,=20 however, the adverse party considers that the conditions = of the=20 present agreement have not been fulfilled, it may refuse = to=20 recognize the zone by giving immediate notice thereof to = the Party=20 responsible for the said zone, or may make its recognition = of such=20 zone dependent upon the institution of the control = provided for in=20 Article 8. Art. 8. Any = Power having=20 recognized one or several hospital and safety zones = instituted by=20 the adverse Party shall be entitled to demand control by = one or=20 more Special Commissions, for the purpose of ascertaining = if the=20 zones fulfil the conditions and obligations stipulated in = the=20 present agreement. For = this=20 purpose, members of the Special Commissions shall at all = times=20 have free access to the various zones and may even reside = there=20 permanently. They shall be given all facilities for their = duties=20 of inspection. Art. 9. = Should the=20 Special Commissions note any facts which they consider = contrary to=20 the stipulations of the present agreement, they shall at = once draw=20 the attention of the Power governing the said zone to = these facts,=20 and shall fix a time limit of five days within which the = matter=20 should be rectified. They shall duly notify the Power = which has=20 recognized the zone. If, = when the=20 time limit has expired, the Power governing the zone has = not=20 complied with the warning, the adverse Party may declare = that it=20 is no longer bound by the present agreement in respect of = the said=20 zone. Art. 10. Any Power = setting up=20 one or more hospital and safety zones, and the adverse = Parties to=20 whom their existence has been notified, shall nominate or = have=20 nominated by the Protecting Powers or by other neutral = Powers,=20 persons eligible to be members of the Special Commissions=20 mentioned in Articles 8 and 9. Art.=20 11. In no circumstances may hospital and safety zones be = the=20 object of attack. They shall be protected and respected at = all=20 times by the Parties to the conflict. Art. 12. In the case of occupation of a = territory, the=20 hospital and safety zones therein shall continue to be = respected=20 and utilized as such. Their purpose=20 may, however, be modified by the Occupying Power, on = condition=20 that all measures are taken to ensure the safety of the = persons=20 accommodated. Art. 13. = The present=20 agreement shall also apply to localities which the Powers = may=20 utilize for the same purposes as hospital and safety=20 zones. Annex II. = Draft=20 Regulations concerning Collective = Relief Article 1. The Internee Committees shall be = allowed to=20 distribute collective relief shipments for which they are=20 responsible to all internees who are dependent for = administration=20 on the said Committee's place of internment, including = those=20 internees who are in hospitals, or in prison or other = penitentiary=20 establishments. Art. 2. = The=20 distribution of collective relief shipments shall be = effected in=20 accordance with the instructions of the donors and with a = plan=20 drawn up by the Internee Committees. The issue of medical = stores=20 shall, however, be made for preference in agreement with = the=20 senior medical officers, and the latter may, in hospitals = and=20 infirmaries, waive the said instructions, if the needs of = their=20 patients so demand. Within the limits thus defined, the=20 distribution shall always be carried out=20 equitably. Art. 3. = Members of=20 Internee Committees shall be allowed to go to the railway = stations=20 or other points of arrival of relief supplies near their = places of=20 internment so as to enable them to verify the quantity as = well as=20 the quality of the goods received and to make out detailed = reports=20 thereon for the donors. Art. 4.=20 Internee Committees shall be given the facilities = necessary for=20 verifying whether the distribution of collective relief in = all=20 subdivisions and annexes of their places of internment has = been=20 carried out in accordance with their=20 instructions. Art. 5. = Internee=20 Committees shall be allowed to complete, and to cause to = be=20 completed by members of the Internee Committees in labour=20 detachments or by the senior medical officers of = infirmaries and=20 hospitals, forms or questionnaires intended for the = donors,=20 relating to collective relief supplies (distribution,=20 requirements, quantities, etc.). Such forms and = questionnaires,=20 duly completed, shall be forwarded to the donors without=20 delay. Art. 6. In order = to secure=20 the regular distribution of collective relief supplies to = the=20 internees in their place of internment, and to meet any = needs that=20 may arise through the arrival of fresh parties of = internees, the=20 Internee Committees shall be allowed to create and = maintain=20 sufficient reserve stocks of collective relief. For this = purpose,=20 they shall have suitable warehouses at their disposal; = each=20 warehouse shall be provided with two locks, the Internee = Committee=20 holding the keys of one lock, and the commandant of the = place of=20 internment the keys of the other. Art. 7. The High Contracting Parties, and the = Detaining=20 Powers in particular, shall, so far as is in any way = possible and=20 subject to the regulations governing the food supply of = the=20 population, authorize purchases of goods to be made in = their=20 territories for the distribution of collective relief to = the=20 internees. They shall likewise facilitate the transfer of = funds=20 and other financial measures of a technical or = administrative=20 nature taken for the purpose of making such=20 purchases. Art. 8. The = foregoing=20 provisions shall not constitute an obstacle to the right = of=20 internees to receive collective relief before their = arrival in a=20 place of internment or in the course of their transfer, = nor to the=20 possibility of representatives of the Protecting Power, or = of the=20 International Committee of the Red Cross or any other = humanitarian=20 organization giving assistance to internees and = responsible for=20 forwarding such supplies, ensuring the distribution = thereof to the=20 recipients by any other means they may deem=20 suitable. ANNEX=20 III I. Internment=20 Card II.Letter III.=20 Correspondence Card
	top